tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20774112492422493142024-03-08T14:44:16.915-08:00Kimia Analisis FarmasiAlmi Kombonghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10251707860882050642noreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2077411249242249314.post-3157389431283735572013-05-30T01:54:00.001-07:002013-05-30T01:54:12.196-07:00Analisis Senyawa Analgetik dan Antipiretik<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.1. Latar belakang</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam bidang farmasi khususnya kimia farmasi sering dilakukan analisis sediaan farmasi, baik secara kualitatif maupun kuantitatif. Analisis kualitatif seperti identifikasi organoleptik, sedangkan analisa kuantitatif digunakan untuk menentukan kadar suatu senyawa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada percobaan ini akan dianalisis senyawa antipiretik dan analgetik yaitu dari tablet paracetamol dan methampiron secara kuantitatif yakni dengan menggunakan metode yang disebut dengan metode diazotasi untuk paracetamol dan metode iodimetri untuk metamphiron.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diazotasi merupakan analisis kuantitatif yang berdasar pada reaksi antara amin aromatis primer dengan asam nitrit sebagai penitrannya yang berlangsung dalam suasana asam dan membentuk garam diazonium, sedangkan iodimetri merupakan analisis kuantitatif yang berdasar pada reaksi reduksi-oksidasi yang dilakukan dengan titrasi secara langsung.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis senyawa ini dianggap penting sebagaimana diketahui senyawa ini merupakan zat aktif yang dapat digunakan sebagai analgetik atau penghilang rasa nyeri dan antipiretik atau penurun panas atau demam, sehingga dapat diketahui bagaimana sifat dari senyawa ini seperti kemurniaanya. Hal inilah yang melatarbelakangi dilakukannya percobaan ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.2. Maksud dan tujuan percobaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.2.1. Maksud percobaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat mengetahui dan memahami bagaimana cara menganalisa obat paracetamol dan methampiron dengan suatu metode.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.2.2. Tujuan percobaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk mengetahui dan memahami cara penentuan kadar paracetamol dengan metode diazotasi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk mengetahui dan memahami cara penentuan kadar methampiron dengan metode iodometri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.3. Prinsip percobaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis senyawa paracetamol menggunakan metode diazotasi dengan melarutkannya dalam senyawa asam, kemudian ditambahkan indikator dalam dan dititrasi dengan NaNO<sub>2</sub>, sehingga terbentuk garam diazonium berwarna hijau toska.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis senyawa methampiron menggunakan metode iodimetri dengan menggunakan iodium sebagai penitrannya untuk menentukan kadar dari methampiron yang mempunyai potensial reduksi lebih kecil daripada iodium.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">II.1. Teori umum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Titrasi redoks banyak digunakan dalam pemeriksaan kimia karena berbagai zat organik dan zat anorganik dapat ditentukan dengan cara ini. Namun demikian agar tirasi redoks ini berhasil dengan baik, maka persyaratan berikut harus dipenuhi:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Harus tersedia pasangan sistem redoks yang sesuai sehingga terjadi pertukaran elektron secara stokhiometri.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi redoks harus berjalan cukup cepat dan berlangsung secara terukur (kesempurnaan 99%).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Harus tersedia cara penentuan titik akhir yang sesuai.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Salah satu metode yang termasuk dalam titrasi redoks adalah diazotasi (nitritometri). Titrasi diazotasi berdasarkan pada pembentukan garam diazonium dari gugus amin<span> </span>aromatis bebas yang direaksikan dengan asam nitrit, dimana asam nitrit ini diperoleh dengan cara mereaksikan natrium nitrit dengan suatu asam (1:114).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan pada reaksi diazotasi (1:115):</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Suhu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Titrasi diazotasi sebaiknya dilakukan pada suhu rendah, lebih kecil dari 15°C karena asam nitrit yang terbentuk dari reaksi natrium nitrit dengan asam tidak stabil dan mudah terurai, dan garam diazonium yang terbentuk pada hasil titrasi juga tidak stabil.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kecepatan reaksi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi titrasi amin aromatis pada reaksi diazotasi barjalan agak lambat, titrasi sebaiknya dilakukan secra perlahan-lahan, dan reaksi diazotasi dapat dikatalisa dengan penambahan natrium dan kalium bromida sebagai katalisator.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diazotasi adalah reaksi antara amin aromatis primer dengan asam nitrit yang berasal dari natrium nitrit dalam suasana asam untuk membentuk garam diazonium (2).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diazotasi ini telah digunakan secara umum untuk penetapan senyawa-senyawa dalam industri zat warna, senyawa farmasi dan dapat dipakai untuk penetapan semua senyawa-senyawa yang mengandung gugus amina aromatis primer (3).</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada analisis kuantitatif, sampel dilarutkan dalam suasana asam mineral berlebih (biasanya asam klorida) dititrasi dengan larutan natrium nitrit. Titik akhir titrasi dapat ditunjukkan dengan: indikator luar yang berupa pasta kanji iodida; indikator dalam dengan menggunakan campuran tropeolin OO dan metilen biru; dapat diamati secara potensiometri (2).</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Iodimetri merupakan titrasi berdasarkan reaksi reduksi-okidasi secara langsung. Iodium merupakan okdidator yang relativ kuat dimana iodin akan direduksi menjadi iodida (5). </span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Titrasi-titrasi redoks berdasarkan pada perpindahan elektron antara titran dan analit. Jenis titrasi ini biasanya menggunakan potensiometri untuk mendeteksi titik akhir, meskipun demikian penggunaan indikator yang dapat berubah warnanya dengan adanya kelebihan titran juga sering digunakan (5).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analgetik atau obat penghalang rasa sakit adalah zat-zat yang mengurangi atau melenyapkan rasa nyeri tanpa menghilangkan kesadaran (berbeda dengan anestesi umum) (6).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">II.2. Uraian bahan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam klorida (7:53)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: ACIDUM CHLORIDUM</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Asam klorida</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: HCl/36,46</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 189pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: Cairan tidak berwarna, berasap, bau merangsang. Jika diencerkan dengan 2 bagian air, asap dan bau hilang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai pemberi suasana asam.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Natrium nitrit (7:714)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: NATRII NITRIT</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Natrium nitrit</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: NaNO<sub>2</sub>/69,00</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 184.5pt; text-indent: -121.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: Hablur atau granul, tidak berwarna atau putih kekuningan, rapuh.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 184.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -121.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span> </span>: Larut dalam 1,5 bagian air, agak sukar larut dalam etanol 95% P.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span><span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span><span> </span>: Sebagai penitran.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Aquades (7:96)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: AQUA DESTILLATA</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Air suling</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: H<sub>2</sub>O/18,02</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 189pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: Cairan jernih; tidak berwarna; tidak berbau; tidak mempunyai rasa.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tropeolin OO</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Trayek PH<span> </span>: 1,3-3,2</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perubahan warna<span> </span>: merah-kuning.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai indikator.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Metilen biru</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Trayek PH<span> </span>: 3,0-4,6</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perubahan warna<span> </span>: kuning-biru</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai indikator.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Indikator kanji (7:93) </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span><span> </span>: AMILUM MANIHOT</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Amilum/pati kentang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: Serbuk halus, putih, tidak berbau.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 184.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -121.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span> </span><span> </span>: Praktis tidak larut dalam air dan dalam etanol (95%) P.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span><span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span><span> </span>: Sebagai indikator.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I<sub>2</sub> (7:316)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: IODUM</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Iodium</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: I/126,91</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 184.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -121.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span><span> </span>: keping atau butir, berat, mengkilat seperti logam;hitam kelabu; bau khas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 189pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>: </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">larut dalam lebih kurang 300 bagian air, dalam 13 bagian etanol (95 %) P. dalam lebih kurang 80 bagian gliserol P dan dalam lebih kurang 7 bagian karbondisulfida P ; larut dalam kloroform P dan dalam karbontetraklorida P.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span><span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span><span> </span>: Sebagai penitran.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (7:58)</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: ACIDUM SULFURICUM</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Asam sulfat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>/98,07</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 189pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: Cairan kental seperti minyak, korosif; tidak berwarna; jika ditambahkan kedalam air menimbulkan panas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai pelarut.<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Paracetamol (7:37)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">ACETAMYNOFEN</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Paracetamol</span></div><div class="NoSpacing1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>9</sub>NO<sub>2 </sub>/ 151,56</span></div><div class="NoSpacing1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumus bangun<span> </span>:</span></div><div class="NoSpacing1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>OH</span></div><div class="NoSpacing1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="NoSpacing1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>NHCOCH<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="NoSpacing1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 189pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.75in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: Hablur atau hablur serbuk putih, tidak berbau, rasa pahit.</span></div><div class="NoSpacing1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 189pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.75in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span> </span>: Larut dalam 70 bagian air, dlam 7 bagian etanol 95 % p, dalam 17 bagian aseton p, dalam 4 bagian gliserol.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Khasiat<span> </span>: Analgetik-antipiretikum.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai sampel.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Methampiron (8:538)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">METHAMPYRONUM<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Antalgin</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">C<sub>13</sub>H<sub>16</sub>N<sub>3</sub>NaO<sub>4</sub>S.H<sub>2</sub>O / 351,37</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumus bangun<span> </span>: </span></div><div class="re" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub></span></div><div class="re" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="re" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0in;"><sub><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span> </span><span> </span></span></sub><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>N<span> </span></span></div><div class="re" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span> </span><span> </span>O<span> </span><span> </span>CH<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="re" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>N<span> </span><span> </span>H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div><div class="re" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="re" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 13.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span> </span>NaSO<sub>3</sub><span> </span>CH<sub>2 </sub><span> </span>H<span> </span><span> </span>CH<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="re" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0in;"><sub><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span> </span></span></sub></div><div class="re" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0in;"><sub><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span></sub><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">CH<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="a" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 189pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Serbuk<span> </span>hablur;<span> </span>putih<span> </span>atau putih kekuningan.</span></div><div class="a" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -1.25in;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penyimpanan<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik.</span></div><div class="a" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -1.25in;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kegunaan<span> </span> : Sebagai sampel.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 189pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB III</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">METODE KERJA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.1. Alat dan bahan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.1.1. Alat</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 85.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun alat-alat yang digunakan dalam percobaan ini yaitu botol semprot, buret, erlenmeyer, gelas kimia, gelas ukur, hotplate, karet isap, klem, lumpang dan alu, kertas perkamen, pipet skala 5 ml, sendok tanduk, statif, timbangan analitik, termometer.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.1.2. Bahan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 85.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun bahan-bahan yang digunakan dalam percobaan ini yaitu aquadest, es batu, HCl P, HCl 0,1 N, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 0,1 N, indikator kanji, I<sub>2</sub> 0,1 N, metilen biru, NaNO<sub>2</sub> 0,1 N, tablet paracetamol dan methampiron, dan tropeolin OO.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.2. Cara kerja</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penentuan kadar paracetamol</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditimbang 302,5 mg tablet paracetamol yang setara dengan 250 mg paracetamol yang telah diserbukkan terlebih dahulu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Paracetamol tersebut ditambahkan 20 ml H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 0,1 N.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dipanaskan selama 10 menit.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditambahkan 10 ml aquadest dan HCl P sebanyak 5 ml.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Larutan tersebut kemudian didinginkan dengan es batu hingga suhu kurang 15<sup>0</sup>C.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditambahkan indikator dalam yaitu tropeolin OO dan metilen biru sebanyak 3 tetes.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dititrasi dengan NaNO<sub>2</sub> hingga warna hijau toska.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dihitung volume titrasinya dan dihitung kadarnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penentuan kadar methampiron</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tablet methampiron ditimbang sebanyak 294 mg yang setara dengan 250 mg methampiron.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dilarutkan dengan aquadest sebanyak 25 ml di erlenmeyer dan ditambahkan 10 ml HCl 0,1 N dan 2 ml indikator kanji.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dititrasi dengan larutan iod hingga berwarna biru.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dihitung volume titrasinya dan dihitung kadarnya.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB IV</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">HASIL PENGAMATAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">IV.1. Data pengamatan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Paracetamol</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berat etiket tablet paracetamol<span> </span>= 500 mg.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bobot rata-rata tablet<span> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bobot yang setara dengan 250 mg</span><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Volume titrasi<span> </span>= 5 ml.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perubahan warna<span> </span>= Biru-hijau toska.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Methampiron</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berat etiket tablet methampiron<span> </span>= 500 mg.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bobot rata-rata tablet<span> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bobot yang setara dengan 250 mg</span><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Volume titrasi<span> </span>= 6,75 ml.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perubahan warna<span> </span>= Bening-biru.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">IV.2. Perhitungan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Paracetamol</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mg=V.N.Be sampel</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span>= 5 . 0,1 . 151,56</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span>= 75,78 mg</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;"><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"> </span> <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Methampiron</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mg=V.N.Be sampel</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span>= 6,75 . 0,1 . 351,37</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>= 237,17 mg</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;"><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"> </span> <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">IV.3. Reaksi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penentuan kadar paracetamol</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">NaNO<sub>2</sub> + HCl<span> </span>HNO<sub>2</sub> + NaCl</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>OH<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>OH</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>+ HNO<sub>2<span> </span> </sub><span> </span>+ COCH<sub>3 +</sub> H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>NHCOCH<sub>3<span> </span> </sub><span> </span>N<sup>+<span> </span></sup>Cl<sup>-</sup></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span>N</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penentuan kadar methampiron</span></div><div class="a" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0in;"> <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">I<sub>2</sub> + 2HCl<span> </span>2HI + 2Cl<sup>-</sup></span></div><div class="a" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0in;"> <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">C<sub>13</sub>H<sub>16</sub>N<sub>3</sub>NaO<sub>4</sub>S + 2HI<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>C<sub>13</sub>H<sub>14</sub>N<sub>3</sub>NaO<sub>3</sub>S + I<sup>-</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB V</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada percobaan ini dilakukan analisis kuantitatif terhadap senyawa analgetik dan antipiretik yaitu methampiron menggunakan metode iodimetri (titrasi secara langsung) dan paracetamol dengan metode diazotasi. Metode iodimetri merupakan suatu metode yang berdasarkan atas reaksi reduksi oksidasi dengan cara titrasi langsung dimana iodium sebagai oksidator kuat akan mengoksidasi sampel yang digunakan, sedangkan metode diazotasi merupakan suatu metode yang berdasarkan atas pembentukan garam diazonium yang berlangsung dalam suasana asam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagaimana diketahui paracetamol dan methampiron memiliki efek farmakologis sebagai antipiretik dan analgetik. Oleh karena itu analisis ini dianggap penting. Sediaan yang dipakai dalam percobaan ini yaitu tablet. Tablet paracetamol dan methampiron yang telah diserbukkan ditimbang masing-masing sebanyak 302,5 mg untuk paracetamol dan 294 mg untuk methampiron yang dianggap setara dengan 250 mg paracetamol dan methampiron yang dihitung dengan cara membagi 250 mg dengan jumlah tablet dikali bobot etiket, lalu dikalikan dengan bobot keseluruhan tablet.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penetapan kadar paracetamol menggunakan metode diazotasi yaitu pertama-tama ditambahkan 20 ml H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 0,1 N, kemudian dipanaskan selama 10 menit dan ditambahkan 10 ml aquadest dan HCl P sebanyak 5 ml. Selanjutnya, dihomogenkan dan didinginkan dengan es batu hingga suhu kurang atau sama dengan 15<sup>0</sup>C. Setelah itu, ditambahkan indikator campuran tropeolin OO dan metilen biru sebanyak 3 tetes, kemudian dititrasi dengan NaNO<sub>2</sub> 0,1 N.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan penambahan bahan yaitu pertama ditambahkan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 0,1 N untuk melarutkan paracetamol karena agak sukar larut dalam air, kemudian dipanaskan supaya paracetamol larut sempurna. Selanjutnya, ditambahkan aquadest untuk mendinginkan dan supaya tidak terlalu pekat nantinya ketika ditambahkan HCl P. Ditambahkan HCl P dengan tujuan untuk memberi suasana asam pada larutan, sebagaimana diketahui pembentukan garam diazonium berlangsung dalam suasana asam dan juga </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">diperlukan untuk mengubah NaNO<sub>2</sub> menjadi HNO<sub>2</sub></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Setelah ditambahkan HCl P, dihomogenkan dan didinginkan hingga suhu kurang dari 15<sup>0</sup>C dikarenakan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">titrasi tidak dapat dilakukan dalam suhu tinggi sebab HNO<sub>2</sub> yang terbentuk akan menguap pada suhu tinggi dan garam diazonium yang terbentuk biasa terurai menjadi fenol. Kemudian, untuk mencapai titik akhir titrasi digunakan indikator dalam yaitu tropeolin OO dan metilen biru dimana tropeolin OO merupakan indikator asam-basa yang berwarna merah dalam suasana asam dan berwarna kuning bila dioksidasi oleh adanya kelebihan asam nitrit, sedangkan metilen biru sebagai pengkontras warna sehingga pada titik akhir titrasi akan terjadi perubahan dari ungu menjadi biru sampai hijau tergantung senyawa yang dititrasi, tetapi pada percobaan dari biru ke hijau toska.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jadi, metode diazotasi ini dimana natrium nitrit sebagai penitrannya menghasilkan asam nitrat yang akan bereaksi dengan gugus amina aromatik primer dari methampiron yang berlangsung dalam suasana asam sehingga terbentuk garam diazonium.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Volume titrasi yang didapatkan adalah 5 ml dan setelah dihitung kadar paracetamol yang diperoleh yaitu 15,1%. Jika dibandingkan dengan literatur kadar paracetamol tidak kurang dari 95,0% dan tidak lebih dari 110,0%. Jadi, tidak sesuai dengan literatur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penetapan kadar methampiron menggunakan metode diazotasi yaitu pertama-tama dilarutkan dengan 25 ml aquadest dan ditambahkan 10 ml HCl 0,1 N dan indikator kanji sebanyak 3 tetes, kemudian dititrasi dengan larutan iod.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan penambahan bahan yaitu pertama ditambahkan aquadest untuk melarutkan methampiron, kemudian ditambah 10 ml HCl 0,1 N untuk memberi suasana asam supaya iodin akan cepat direduksi menjadi iodida. Selanjutnya, titik akhir titrasi dicapai dengan penambahan indikator kanji yang akan memberikan warna biru setelah dititrasi dengan iod.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jadi, metode iodimetri ini dimana iodium akan mengoksidasi senyawa-senyawa yang mempunyai potensial reduksi yang lebih kecil disbanding iodium seperti methampiron, sehingga bisa dititrasi langsung.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Volume titrasi yang didapatkan adalah 6,75 ml dan setelah dihitung kadar methampiron yang diperoleh yaitu 47,4%. Jika dibandingkan dengan literatur kadar methampiron tidak kurang dari 95,0% dan tidak lebih dari 105,0%. Jadi, tidak sesuai dengan literatur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun dalam percobaan ini kesalahan yang terjadi salah satunya yaitu sampel paracetamol yang digunakan merupakan tablet yang berwarna kuning bukan putih, sehingga mengganggu dalam pengamatan saat titik akhir dimana dalam percobaan tampak hijau yang pekat dan lain sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB VI</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">VI.1. Kesimpulan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kadar paracetamol yang diperoleh menggunakan metode diazotasi yaitu 15,1%.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kadar methampiron yang diperoleh menggunakan metode iodimetri yaitu 47,4%.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">VI.2. Saran</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Wunas, J. Said,S. <i>Analisa Kimia Farmasi Kuantitatif. </i>UNHAS : Makassar. 1986.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tim penyusun,. <i>Penuntun Praktikum Analisa Farmasi</i>. STIFA: Makassar. 2013.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Http://www.scribd.com/doc/119050890/<i>Laporan-Praktikum-Analisa-Farmasi</i>/29/03/2013.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Surjadi,. <i>Kimia Analisis Farmasi</i>. Pustaka Pelajar: Yogyakarta. 2007.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sudjadi. <i>Analisis Kuantitatif Obat</i>. Universitas Gajah Mada: Yogyakarta. 2008.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ganiswarna, Sulistia G. <i>Farmakologi dan Terapi</i> <i>Edisi IV</i>. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia.1995.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dirjen POM,. <i>Farmakope Indonesia Edisi III</i>. DEPKES RI: Jakarta. 1979.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dirjen POM,. <i>Farmakope Indonesia Edisi IV</i>. DEPKES RI: Jakarta. 1995.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div>Almi Kombonghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10251707860882050642noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2077411249242249314.post-32835661335607420982013-05-30T01:49:00.001-07:002013-05-30T01:49:53.210-07:00Analisis Turunan Barbiturat<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.1. Latar belakang</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam bidang farmasi khususnya kimia atau analisis farmasi sering dilakukan analisis sediaan farmasi, baik secara kualitatif maupun kuantitatif. Analisis kualitatif seperti identifikasi organoleptik, sedangkan analisa kuantitatif digunakan untuk menentukan kadar suatu senyawa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada percobaan ini akan dilakukan analisis senyawa turunan barbiturat yakni fenobarbital yang selanjutnya akan ditentukan kadarnya dengan menggunakan metode bromometri dengan titrasi tidak langsung.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bromometri merupakan salah satu metode penentuan kadar suatu senyawa berdasarkan atas reaksi reduksi-oksidasi baik itu dengan titrasi langsung atau tidak langsung dan didalam percobaan ini dilakukan titrasi tidak langsung dimana bahan pereduksi dioksidasi terlebih dahulu dengan larutan baku berlebih, kemudian ditambahkan indikator dan dititrasi kembali hingga berubah warna.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis senyawa barbiturat seperti fenobarbital ini dianggap penting khususnya bagi mahasiswa farmasi karena sebagaimana diketahui senyawa turunan barbiturat memiliki aktivitas farmakologis yakni sebagai hipnotik-sedativ, dimana hipnotik artinya berkhasiat menidurkan dan sedativ artinya berkhasiat menenangkan. Oleh karena itu, penting untuk menganalisis senyawa ini. Hal inilah yang melatarbelakangi percobaan ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.2. Maksud dan tujuan percobaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.2.1. Maksud percobaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat mengetahui dan memahami cara analisa kuantitatif dengan metode bromometri. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.2.2. Tujuan percobaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat mengetahui dan memahami cara analisa kuantitatif dengan metode bromometri dari obat turunan barbiturate yaitu fenobarbital dengan titrasi tidak langsung.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.3. Prinsip percobaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisa kuantitatif dari sampel fenobarbital dengan metode bromometri menggunakan titrasi tidak langsung dengan menambahkan larutan KbrO<sub>3</sub> dan Kbr serta H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. Kemudian, ditambahkan KI untuk membebaskan I<sub>2</sub> dan dititrasi dengan natrium tiosulfat menggunakan indikator kanji hingga terjadi perubahan warna.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">II.1. Teori umum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Barbiturat selama beberapa saat telah digunakan secara ekstensif sebagai hipnotik dan sedatif. Namun sekarang kecuali untuk beberapa penggunaan yang spesifik, barbiturat telah banyak digantikan oleh benzodiazepin yang lebih aman (Ganiswara, 1995).</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Secara kimia, barbiturat merupakan derivat asam barbiturat. Asam barbiturat (2,4,6-trioksoheksahidropirirmidin) merupakan hasil reaksi kondensasi antara urea dengan asam malonat (Ganiswara, 1995).</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam barbiturat sendiri tidak menyebabkan depresi SSP, efek hipnotik dan sedatif serta efek lainnya ditimbulkan bila pada posisi 5 ada gugusan alkil atau aril (Ganiswara, 1995).</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Barbiturat bekerja pada seluruh SSP, walaupun pada setiap tempat tidak sama kuatnya. Dosis nonanestesi teruatama menekan respons pasca sinaps. Penghambatan hanya terjadi pada sinaps GABA-nergik. Walaupun demikian efek yang terjadi mungkin tidak semuanya melalui GABA sebagai mediator (Ganiswara, 1995).</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Barbiturat memperlihatkan beberapa efek yang berbeda pada eksitasi dan inhibisi transmisi sinaptik. Kapasitas barbiturat membantu kerja GABA sebagian menyerupai kerja benzodiazepine, namun pada dosis yang lebih tinggi bersifat sebagai aganis GABA-nergik, sehingga pada dosis tinggi barbiturat dapat menimbulkan depresi SSP yang berat (Ganiswara, 1995).</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Barbital-barbital semuanya bersifat lipofil, sukar larut dalam air tetapi mudah larut dalam pelarut-pelarut non polar seperti minyak, kloroform dan sebagainya. Sifat lipofil ini dimiliki oleh kebanyakan obat yang mampu menekan SSP. Dengan meningkatnya sifat lipofil ini, misalnya dengan mengganti atom oksigen pada atom C2 menjadi atom belerang, maka efek dan lama kerjanya dipercepat, dan seringkali daya hipnotiknya diperkuat pula (Tadjuddin, 2001).</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penggolongan barbiturat disesuaikan dengan lama kerjanya, yaitu (Tadjuddin, 2001):</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Barbiturat kerja panjang</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Contohnya: Fenobarbital digunakan dalam pengobatan kejang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Barbiturat kerja singkat</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Contohnya: Pentobarbital, Sekobarbital, dan Amobarbital yang efektif sebagai sedatif dan hipnotik</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Barbiturat kerja sangat singkat</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Contohnya: Tiopental, yang digunakan untuk induksi intravena anestesia. </span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis kimia farmasi kuantitatif dapat didefinisikan sebagai aplikasi prosedur kimia analisis kuantitatif terhadap bahan-bahan yang dipakai dalam bidang farmasi terutama dalam menentukan kadar dan mutu dari obat-obatan dan senyawa-senyawa kimia yang tercantum dalam farmakope-farmakope serta buku-buku resmi lainnya seperti formularium-formularium (Susanti, 1997).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis kimia farmasi kuantitatif biasanya dibagi menjadi beberapa analisis berdasarkan metode dan teknik kerjanya (Susanti, 1997):</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis gravimetri</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis volumetri yang biasa desebut juga analisis titrimetri</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis gasometri</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis dengan metode fisika dan kimia</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis titrimetri umumnya dapat dibagi dalam 4 bentuk, yaitu (Susanti, 1997):</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi netralisasi atau disebut asidimetri/alkalimetri</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi pembentukan kompleks</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi pengendapan</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi oksidasi-reduksi. </span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bromometri</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> merupakan penentuan kadar senyawa berdasarkan reaksi reduksi-oksidasi dimana proses titrasi (reaksi antara reduktor dan bromin berjalan lambat), sehingga dilakukan titrasi secara tidak langsung dengan menambahkan bromin berlebih (Susanti, 1997).<span style="color: #0c343d;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">II.2. Uraian bahan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Fenobarbital</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: PHENOBARBITALUM</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Luminal </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama kimia<span> </span>: asam-5-etil-5 fenilbarbiturat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/232,24</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumus struktur<span> </span>: </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -103.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: Hablur atau serbuk hablur, putih tidak berbau, rasa agak pahit.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -103.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span> </span>: Sangat sukar larut dalam air; agak sukar larut dalam kloroform; larut dalam etanol.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -103.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Persen kadar<span> </span>:<span> </span>19,0%-21,0%.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai sampel.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Iodium</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: IODUM</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Iodium</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: I/126,91</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -103.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span><span> </span>: keping atau butir, berat, mengkilat seperti logam;hitam kelabu; bau khas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -103.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span> </span>: </span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">larut dalam lebih kurang 300 bagian air, dalam 13 bagian etanol (95 %) P. dalam lebih kurang 80 bagian gliserol P dan dalam lebih kurang 7 bagian karbondisulfida P ; larut dalam kloroform P dan dalam karbontetraklorida P.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -94.5pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -94.5pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai pereaksi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: ACIDUM SULFURICUM</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Asam sulfat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>/98,07</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 112.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: Cairan kental seperti minyak, korosif; tidak berwarna; jika ditambahkan kedalam air menimbulkan panas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai penetral kelebihan basa.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: NATRII THIOSULFAS</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Natrium tiosulfat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/248,17</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -103.5pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span><span> </span>: Hablur besar tidak berwarna atau serbuk hablur kasar. Dalam udara lembab meleleh basah. Dalam hampa udara pada suhu diatas 33<sup>0</sup> merapuh.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -103.5pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span> </span><span> </span>: Larut dalam 0,5 bagian air; praktis tidak larut dalam etanol (95%) P.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -94.5pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -94.5pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai penitran.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kanji 1%</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: AMILUM SOLANI</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Amilum/pati kentang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: Serbuk halus, putih, tidak berbau.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -103.5pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span> </span>: Praktis tidak larut dalam air dan dalam etanol (95%) P.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -94.5pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -94.5pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai indikator.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">KI (FI Edisi III:330)</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: KALII IODIDUM</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Kalium iodida</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: KI/166,00</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -103.5pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: Hablur heksahedral; transparan atau tidak berwarna, opak dan putih; atau serbuk butiran putih, higroskopik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -103.5pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span> </span>: Sangat mudah larut dalam air, lebih mudah larut dalam air mendidih; larut dalam etanol (95%) P; mudah larut dalam gliserol P.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Membantu melepaskan I<sub>2</sub></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kloroform (FI edisi III:151)</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: CHLOROFORMUM</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Kloroform</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: CHCl<sub>3</sub>/119,38</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -94.5pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: Cairan, mudah menguap; tidak berwarna; bau khas; rasa manis dan membakar.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -94.5pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span> </span>: Larut dalam lebih kurang 200 bagian air; mudah larut dalam etanol mutlak P, dalam eter P, dalam sebagian besar pelarut organik, dalam minyak atsiri dan dalam minyak lemak.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -94.5pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik bersumbat kaca.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -94.5pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">KbrO<sub>3</sub> (FI Edisi III:687)</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Kalium bromat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: Serbuk hablur; putih.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 112.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span> </span>: Pada suhu 15,5<sup>0</sup> larut dalam 12,5 bagian air, dalam 2 bagian air mendidih; sangat sukar dalam etanol (95%)P.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 112.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 112.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai pereaksi pembentuk endapan Br<sub>2</sub>.</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kbr (FI edisi III:328)</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: KALII BROMIDUM</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Kalium bromida</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: Kbr/119,01</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 112.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: Hablur tidak berwarna, transparan atau buram atau serbuk butir; tidak berbau; rasa asin dan agak pahit.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 112.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span> </span>: Larut dalam lebih kurang 1,6 bagian air dan dalam lebih kurang 200 bagian etanol (90%) P.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 112.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 112.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99pt;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai pereaksi.</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -103.5pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB III</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">METODE KERJA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.1. Alat dan bahan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.1.1. Alat</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun alat-alat yang digunakan dalam percobaan ini yaitu batang pengaduk, botol semprot, buret, erlenmeyer, gelas kimia, kertas perkamen, klem, pipet skala, pipet tetes, pipet volume, pipet volume, sendok tanduk, statif, dan timbangan analitik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.1.2. Bahan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun bahan-bahan yang digunakan dalam percobaan ini yaitu indikator kanji 1%,<span> </span>iod, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 1 N, Kbr, KbrO<sub>3</sub>, KI, kloroform, Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> 1 N, dan tablet fenobarbital.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.2. Cara kerja</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tablet fenobarbital ditimbang sebanyak 205 mg yang setara dengan 50 mg fenobarbital.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dilarutkan dalam kloroform sebanyak 5 ml.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditambahkan KbrO<sub>3</sub> sebanyak 10 ml dan Kbr sebanyak 1 gram.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditambahkan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 1 N sebanyak 5 ml dan ditambahkan KI sebanyak 1 gram. Kemudian dihomogenkan dan didiamkan di tempat gelap selama kurang lebih 15 menit.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dititrasi sedikit dengan Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> 1 N hingga berwarna coklat, kemudian ditambahkan indikator kanji 1% 2-3 tetes. Selanjutnya, ditambahkan iod hingga kembali berwarna hitam.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Titrasi kembali hingga berwarna bening.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB IV</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">HASIL PENGAMATAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">IV.1. Data pengamatan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berat etiket tablet fenobarbital<span> </span>= 30 mg.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bobot rata-rata tablet<span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bobot yang setara dengan 50 mg<span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"> </span><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Volume titrasi<span> </span>= 0,6 ml.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perubahan warna<span> </span>= Hitam-bening</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">IV.2. Perhitungan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mg=V.N.Be sampel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>= 0,6 . 1 . 232,24</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>= 139,344 mg</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"> </span><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"> </span><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">IV.3. Reaksi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KbrO<sub>3</sub> + 5KBr + 6H</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SO<sub>4</sub></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3Br<sub>2</sub><sup> </sup><b>↑</b> + 6K</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">+</span></sup><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> + 3H<sub>2</sub>O</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> + 6SO<sub>4</sub><sup>-2</sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sisa Br<sub>2</sub> + KI <b>→ </b>I<sub>2</sub> + 2KI</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I<sub>2 </sub>+ 2Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> <b>→ </b> 2NaI + Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB V</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada percobaan ini dilakukan analisis kuantitatif terhadap senyawa turunan barbiturat yaitu fenobarbital menggunakan metode bromometri dengan titrasi secara tidak langsung. Metode bromometri merupakan suatu metode yang berdasarkan atas reaksi reduksi oksidasi dan titrasi tidak langsung dimana larutan pereduksi terlebih dulu dioksidasi dengan larutan baku berlebih baru kemudian dititrasi kembali setelah penambahan indikator.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagaimana diketahui fenobarbital memiliki efek farmakologis sebagai hipnotik sedativ yang merangsang SSP. Oleh karena itu analisis ini dianggap penting. Sediaan yang dipakai dalam percobaan ini yaitu tablet. Tablet fenobarbital yang telah diserbukkan ditimbang sebanyak 205 mg yang dianggap setara dengan 50 mg fenobarbital yang dihitung dengan cara membagi 50 mg dengan jumlah tablet dikali bobot etiket, lalu dikalikan dengan bobot keseluruhan tablet.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Setelah sampel ditimbang, dilarutkan dalam kloroform sebanyak 5 ml. Dilarutkan menggunakan kloroform karena fenobarbital sangat sukar larut dalam air dan bias larut dalam kloroform dan etanol.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sesudah dilarutkan, sampel ditambahkan larutan KbrO<sub>3</sub> sebanyak 10 ml dan Kbr sebanyak 1 gram. Kemudian, dihomogenkan dan ditambahkan larutan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 1 N sebanyak 5 ml. Tujuan ditambahkannya larutan KbrO<sub>3</sub> dan Kbr yaitu untuk membentuk endapan Br<sub>2</sub>. Oleh karena itu, titrasi ini disebut titrasi bromometri. Selanjutnya, ditambahkan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> karena titrasi dengan menggunakan penitran Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> hanya boleh dilaksanakan dalam suasana asam atau hampir netral. Hal ini karena, ditakutkan ketika terjadi disproporsionasi iod menjadi hipoiodit dan iodida, maka hipoiodit yang terbentuk akan mengoksidasi tiosulfat menjadi sulfat, sehingga dianggap penting dengan adanya H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>untuk membuat suasana asam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Setelah penambahan asam, larutan tersebut ditambahkan KI sebanyak 1 gram, kemudian dihomogenkan dan ditempatkan di tempat gelap selama kurang lebih 15 menit. Sisa endapan Br<sub>2</sub> yang sudah terbentuk tadi akan bereaksi dengan KI. Jadi, tujuan penambahan KI yaitu untuk membebaskan I<sub>2</sub>. Adapun tujuan ditempatkan di tempat gelap yaitu untuk menghasilkan iod yang baik karena iod mudah terpolarisasi oleh cahaya, sehingga nantinya tidak banyak iod yang terionisasi dan setelah ditempatkan di tempat gelap ternyata menyebabkan perubahan warna larutan menjadi hitam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Setelah didiamkan, larutan tersebut dititrasi sedikit dengan Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3 </sub>dan ternyata volume titrasi yang digunakan sehingga berubah warna menjadi bening yaitu 0,1 ml. Selanjutnya, ditambahkan indikator<span> </span>kanji 1% sebanyak 2-3 tetes dengan tujuan memberikan warna biru, tetapi didalam percobaan tidak dijumpai adanya warna biru dan kembali ditambahkan larutan iodium yang memberikan warna coklat kehitaman kembali dengan tujuan untuk memberikan kembali iod karena kemungkinan iod yang terkandung sudah terionisasi sempurna yang disebabkan karena titrasi yang berlebihan tadinya. Setelah itu, kembali dititrasi dengan Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3 </sub>1 N hingga kembali menjadi bening dan ternyata dibutuhkan volume sebanyak 6 ml. Jadi, I<sub>2</sub> yang terbentuk tadi yang akan bereaksi dengan Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> membentuk NaI dan Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub>. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari hasil perhitungan sesuai data pengamatan didapatkan kadar fenobarbital yang diperoleh yaitu 465%. Hal ini tidak sesuai dengan literatur yang menyatakan bahwa fenobarbital mengandung tidak kurang dari 98,0% dan tidak lebih dari 101,0%.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kesalahan dari hasil yang didapatkan dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor, diantaranya yaitu menurut literatur, seharusnya jumlah Kbr yang digunakan untuk bereaksi dengan 5 ml H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> yaitu 10 gram dan didalam percobaan praktikan hanya diperintahkan menggunakan Kbr sebanyak 1 gram, akibat keterbatasan bahan praktikum. Selanjutnya, konsentrasi penitran yang digunakan terlalu pekat dibandingkan yang diperintahkan yaitu 0,1 N dan yang digunakan konsentrasi 1 N, sehingga kadar yang diperoleh terlalu tinggi karena jika digunakan konsentrasi 0,1 N maka didapatkan % kadar yang lebih kecil. Kemudian, ketidaktelitian praktikan menyebabkan titrasi awal berlebihan, sehingga harus kembali ditambahkan iodium yang bukan terbentuk dari KI sesuai prosedur percobaan dan faktor lain. Namun, tidak maksimalnya hasil percobaan tidak menjadi masalah didalam suatu percobaan, tetapi yang lebih penting adalah mengetahui prinsip dari percobaan ini.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB VI</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">VI.1. Kesimpulan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kadar fenobarbital yang diperoleh menggunakan metode bromometri dengan titrasi tidak langsung adalah 465%. Hal ini tidak sesuai dengan literatur yang menyatakan bahwa % kadar fenobarbital tidak kurang dari 98,0% dan tidak lebih dari 101,0%. Hal ini disebabkan karena adanya berbagai faktor kesalahan didalam percobaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">VI.2. Saran</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dirjen POM,. <i>Farmakope Indonesia edisi III</i>. DEPKES RI: Jakarta. 1979.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ganiswarna, Sulistia G. <i>Farmakologi dan Terapi</i> <i>Edisi IV</i>. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia.1995.P. 134, 135, 226, 227, 231.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Susanti, S., Jeanny Wunas. 1997. <i>Analisa Kimia Farmasi Kuantitatif</i>. UNHAS: Makassar.1997.P. 1, 29,30, 100, 101, 103, 105, 140, 141.</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tadjuddin, Naid. <i>Penuntun Praktikum Analisa Farmasi</i>. UNHAS: Makassar.2001.P.22, 23</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tim penyusun,. <i>Penuntun praktikum analisis farmasi</i>. STIFA: Makassar. 2013.</span></div>Almi Kombonghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10251707860882050642noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2077411249242249314.post-79559201240430782862013-05-30T01:43:00.001-07:002013-05-30T01:43:41.502-07:00Analisis Turunan Xanthin<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.1. Latar belakang</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam bidang farmasi khususnya kimia atau analisis farmasi sering dilakukan analisis sediaan farmasi, baik secara kualitatif maupun kuantitatif. Analisis kualitatif seperti identifikasi organoleptik, sedangkan analisa kuantitatif digunakan untuk menentukan kadar suatu senyawa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada percobaan ini akan dilakukan analisis senyawa turunan xanthin yakni theobromin yang selanjutnya akan ditentukan kadarnya dengan menggunakan metode argentometri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Argentometri merupakan suatu metode penentuan kadar dimana theobromin akan membentuk endapan dengan larutan perak nitrat dalam suasana basa karena mempunyai atom hidrogen yang dapat dilepaskan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis senyawa theobromin ini dianggap penting khususnya bagi mahasiswa farmasi karena sebagaimana diketahui senyawa turunan xanthin diketahui memiliki beberapa aktivitas farmakologis diantaranya sebagai bronkodilator yaitu senyawa yang dapat melebarkan bronkus yang biasa digunakan sebagai obat asma. Meskipun ada efek samping seperti penekanan jantung dan sistem saraf pusat tetapi itulah pentingnnya dilakukan analisis untuk melihat bagaimana kualitas mutu dari sediaan yang dibuat. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.2. Maksud dan tujuan percobaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.2.1. Maksud percobaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat mengetahui dan memahami cara analisis secara kuantitatif senyawa turunan xanthin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.2.2. Tujuan percobaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat mengetahui dan memahami cara analisis kuantitatif senyawa theobromin dengan menggunakan metode argentometri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.3. Prinsip percobaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis senyawa theobromin dengan menggunakan metode argentometri dimana theobromin akan membentuk endapan dengan larutan perak nitrat dalam suasana basa.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">II.1. Teori umum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Derivat xantin terdiri dari kofein, theofilin dan teobromin ialah alkaloid yang terdapat dalam tumbuhan. Sejak dahulu ekstrak tumbuh-tumbuhan ini digunakan sebagai minuman. Kofein terdapat dalam kopi yang didapat dari biji <i>Coffea arabica</i>. Teh dari daun <i>Thea</i> <i>sinensis</i> mengandung kofein dan teofilin. Cocoa yang didapat dari biji <i>Theobroma cacao</i> mengandung kofein dan teobromin. Penelitian membuktikan bahwa kofein berefek stimulasi. Inilah daya tarik minuman yang mengandung kofein. Kemudian ternyata belum ada senyawa sintetik yang mempunyai keunggulan terapi seperti senyawa alam. Ketiganya merupakan derivat xantin yang mengandung gugus metil. Xantin sendiri ialah dioksipurin yang mempunyai struktur mirip dengan asam urat. Kofein ialah 1,3,7-trimetilxantin; teofilin ialah 1,3-dimetilxantin dan teobromin ialah 3,7-dimetilxantin (1).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Teofilin, kofein dan teobromin mempunyai efek farmakologi yang sama yang bermanfaat secara klinis. Obat-obat ini menyebabkan relaksasi otot polos, terutama otot polos bronkus, merangsang SSP, otot jantung, dan meningkatkan dieresis, teobromin tidak bermanfaat secara klinis karena efek farmakologinya rendah (2).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Xantin merangsang SSP, menimbulkan dieresis, merangsang otot jantung, dan merelaksasi otot polos terutama bronkus (2).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Xantin merupakan alkaloid yang bersifat basa lemah, biasanya diberikan dalam bentuk garam rangkap. Untuk pemberian oral dapat diberikan dalam bentuk basa bebas atau bentuk garam, sedangkan untuk pemberian parenteral perlu sediaan dalam bentuk garam (2).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kofein, disebut juga tein, merupakan Kristal putih yang larut dalam air dengan perbandingan 1:46. Teofilin berbentuk Kristal putih, pahit dan sedikit larut dalam air (3).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Senyawa xantin merupakan basa lemah dengan pKb antara 13 sampai 14. Teofilin dan teobromin merupakan asam lemah dengan pKa 8,6 dan 9,9. Kofein tidak bersifat asam karena tidak mempunyai atom hidrogen yang dapat dilepaskan sehingga kofein merupakan basa yang sangat lemah dan garamnya mudah terurai oleh air, karenanya kofein dapat disari dari larutan asam atau basa (lebih mudah dari larutan basa) dengan kloroform. Tetapi kofein mudah terurai oleh basa kuat, sehingga larutan dalam basa harus segera disari (3).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis kimia farmasi kuantitatif dapat didefinisikan sebagai aplikasi prosedur kimia analisis kuantitatif terhadap bahan-bahan yang dipakai dalam bidang farmasi terutama dalam menentukan kadar dan mutu dari obat-obatan dan senyawa-senyawa kimia yang tercantum dalam Farmakope-Farmakope serta buku-buku resmi lainnya seperti formularium-formularium (4).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis kimia farmasi kuantitatif biasanya dibagi menjadi beberapa analisis berdasarkan metode dan teknik kerjanya (4):</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Analisis gravimetri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Analisis volumetri yang biasa desebut juga analisis titrimetri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Analisis gasometri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4. Analisis dengan metode fisika dan kimia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis titrimetri umumnya dapat dibagi dalam 4 bentuk, yaitu (4):</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Reaksi netralisasi atau disebut asidimetri/alkalimetri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Reaksi pembentukan kompleks</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Reaksi pengendapan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4. Reaksi oksidasi-reduksi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Teobromin dan teofilin dengan perak nitrat membentuk endapan dalam suasana basa. Sementara itu, kofein tidak bereaksi dengan perak karena tidak mempunyai atom hidrogen yang dapat dilepas (5).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Titrasi pengendapan didasarkan atas terjadinya penendapan kuantitatif, yang dilakukan dengan penambahan larutan pengukur yang diketahui kadarnya pada larutan senyawa yang hendak ditentukan, titik akhir titrasi tercapai bila semua bagian titran sudah membentuk endapan (6).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">II.2. Uraian bahan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Aquades (7:96)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: AQUA DESTILLATA</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Air suling</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: H<sub>2</sub>O/18,02</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -103.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span><span> </span>: Cairan jernih; tidak berwarna; tidak berbau; tidak mempunyai rasa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai pelarut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Fenol merah (7:704)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: FENOL SULFAKTALEIN</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Fenol merah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/318,32</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 153pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -112.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span><span> </span>: Serbuk hablur; bermacam-macam warna merah tua sampai merah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 153pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -112.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span> </span>: Larut dalam air; mudah larut dalam kloroform; dalam eter P.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai indikator.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam sulfat (7:58)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: ACIDUM SULFURICUM</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Asam sulfat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>/98,07</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 153pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -112.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: Cairan kental seperti minyak, korosif; tidak berwarna; jika ditambahkan kedalam air menimbulkan panas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai penetral kelebihan basa.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Natrium hidroksida (7:401)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: NATRII HYDROXYDUM</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Natrium hidroksida</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: NaOH/40,00</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 148.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: Bentuk batang, butiran, kering, keras dan menunjukkan susunan hablur putih, mudah meleleh, basa, sangat alkalis dan korosif; segera menyerap CO<sub>2</sub>.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 148.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span> </span>: Sangat mudah larut dalam air dan dalam etanol (95%) P.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 148.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 148.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai penitran.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perak nitrat (7:97)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: ARGENTI NITRAS</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Perak nitrat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: AgNO<sub>3</sub>/169,87</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 148.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span><span> </span>: Hablur transparan atau serbuk hablur berwarna putih; tidak berbau; menjadi gelap jika kena cahaya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 153pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -112.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span> </span>: Sangat mudah larut dalam air; larut dalam etanol (95%) P.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai pelarut/pembentuk endapan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Theobromin (8)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: THEOBROMINE</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: 3,7-Dimetilxanthin</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>8</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/180,2</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumus struktur<span> </span>:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 112.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pH<span> </span>: 9,9</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai sampel.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB III</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">METODE KERJA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.1. Alat dan bahan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.1.1. Alat</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun alat-alat yang digunakan dalam percobaan ini yaitu botol semprot, buret, erlenmeyer, gelas ukur, hotplat, karet hisap, kertas perkamen, klem, pipet skala, pipet ukur, statif, sendok tanduk, termometer, dan timbangan analitik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.1.2. Bahan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun bahan-bahan yang digunakan dalam percobaan ini yaitu aquades, asam sulfat 0,8161 N, fenol merah 0,1%, natrium hidroksida 0,1 N, perak nitrat 0,1 N dan theobromin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.2. Cara kerja</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Theobromin murni ditimbang sebanyak 100 mg.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dilarutkan dalam 50 ml aquades dan ditambahkan fenol merah 0,1% sebanyak 1 ml dan ditambahkan 4 ml H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 0,8161 N.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dididihkan selama 15 menit dan didinginkan hingga suhu 40<sup>0</sup>C.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditambahkan NaOH 0,1 N.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditambahkan tetes demi tetes H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 0,8161 N.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditambahkan AgNO<sub>3</sub> sebanyak 5 ml.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dititrasi dengan NaOH 0,1 N hingga terjadi perubahan warna.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB IV</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">HASIL PENGAMATAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">IV.1. Data pengamatan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Theobromin + Aquades + Indikator fenol merah + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub><span> </span><span> </span>Warna merah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Setelah dipanaskan kemudian didinginkan kembali hingga 40<sup>0</sup>C dan ditambah NaOH 1 N tetap berwarna merah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditambahkan tetes demi tetes H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> tetap berwarna merah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditambahkan AgNO<sub>3</sub> 0,1 N dan dititrasi dengan NaOH 0,1 N tetap berwarna merah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Volume titrasi yang diperoleh yaitu 17 ml.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">IV.2. Perhitungan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kadar theobromin:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">= (V<sub>NaOH </sub>. N<sub>NaOH</sub>) – (V<sub>AgNO3</sub> . N<sub>AgNO3</sub>) x Be sampel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">= (17 . 0,1) – (5 . 0,1) . 180,2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">= (1,7 – 0,5) . 180,2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">= 1,2 . 180,2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">= 216,24 gram</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">IV.3. Reaksi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">NaOH<span> </span><b><span> </span></b>+<span> </span><span> </span>AgNO<sub>3</sub> <span> </span><span> </span>AgOH + NaNO<sub>3</sub></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB V</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada percobaan ini dilakukan analisis kuantitatif salah satu senyawa turunan xanthin yakni theobromin dengan menggunakan metode argentometri. Awalnya sampel theobromin yang ingin dipakai harusnya dari suatu sediaan farmasi misalnya tablet yang mengandung senyawa theobromin, namun karena ketidakpatuhan praktikan sehingga digunakan theobromin murni saja dan perhitungan kadarnya pun sederhana.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Telah diketahui bahwa analisa ini cukup penting diketahui mengingat senyawa turunan xanthin memiliki efek farmakologi yang bermanfaat secara klinis dimana dapat menyebabkan relaksasi otot polos, khususnya otot polos bronkus, merangsang sistem saraf pusat, otot jantung dan meningkatkan dieresis, meskipun dari ketiga turunan xanthin lainnya seperti theofilin dan kofein, theobrominlah yang memiliki efek farmakologi yang rendah dibandingkan keduanya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Theobromin dianalisis dengan metode argentometri yang merupakan salah satu metode titrasi pengendapan dimana titrasi ini merupakan titrasi yang melibatkan pembentukan endapan dari garam yang tidak mudah larut antara titran dan analit serta hal dasar yang diperlukan dari titrasi jenis ini adalah pencapaian keseimbangan pembentukan yang cepat setiap kali titran ditambahkan pada analit, tidak adanya interferensi yang mengganggu titrasi dan titik akhir titrasi yang mudah diamati.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Prinsip percobaan ini yaitu theobromin membentuk endapan dengan larutan perak nitrat dalam suasana basa dengan melepaskan gugus H.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hal pertama<span> </span>yang dilakukan dalam percobaan ini adalah menimbang sampel theobromin murni sebanyak 100 mg, kemudian dilarutkan dalam aquadest sebanyak 50 ml dan ditambahkan fenol merah 0,1% sebanyak 1 ml dan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 0,8161 N sebanyak 4 ml. Fenol merah digunakan sebagai indikator dan menunjukkan perubahan warna menjadi merah, kemudian ditambahkan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> sebagai pereaksi. Selanjutnya, larutan tersebut dididihkan selama 15 menit, supaya theobromin benar-benar melarut sempurna dan didinginkan kembali hingga suhu 40<sup>0</sup>C. Setelah itu, ditambahkan NaOH 1 N hingga berwarna merah kebiruan tetapi dalam percobaan hingga 5 ml NaOH ditambahkan tidak ada perubahan yakni tetap berwarna merah. Kemudian, ditambahkan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 0,8161 N tetes demi tetes hingga 7 ml juga tidak ada perubahan, padahal diharapkan dari warna merah kebiruan menjadi kuning. Setelah itu, ditambahkan larutan AgNO<sub>3</sub> 0,1 N sebanyak 5 ml dan dititrasi dengan NaOH 0,1 N sampai merah kebiruan, tetapi tetap tidak berubah warna.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jadi, dari data pengamatan didapatkan bahwa terjadi kesalahan, dimana seharusnya titik akhir titrasi dicapai dengan terjadinya perubahan warna dari kuning menjadi merah kebiruan. Hal ini bias disebabkan karena kesalahan-kesalahan didalam praktikum misalnya bahan yang digunakan sudah tidak bagus, konsentrasi bahan yang digunakan tidak cocok untuk memperoleh titik akhir, ketidaktelitian praktikan dan lain sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Volume titrasi yang didapatkan yaitu 17 ml dan setelah dihitung kadar theobromin yang diperoleh dari metode argentometri ini adalah sebanyak 216,24 gram.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB VI</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">VI.1. Kesimpulan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kadar theobromin yang diperoleh dari analisa kuantitatif menggunakan metode argentometri adalah 216,24 gram.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">VI.2. Saran</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sudjadi. <i>Analisis Kuantitatif Obat</i>. Universitas Gajah Mada: Yogyakarta. 2008.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ganiswara, Sulistia G. <i>Farmakologi dan Terapi Edisi IV</i>. Universitas Indonesia: Jakarta. 1995.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><a href="http://www.scribd.com/%20analisis-%20senyawa-%20turunan-%20xanthin/"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Http://www.scribd.com/ <i>analisis- senyawa- turunan- xanthin</i>/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">06/04 /2013.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Wunas, J. Said,S. <i>Analisa Kimia Farmasi Kuantitatif. </i>UNHAS : Makassar. 1986.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tim penyusun,. <i>Penuntun Praktikum Analisa Farmasi</i>. STIFA: Makassar. 2013.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Surjadi,. <i>Kimia Analisis Farmasi</i>. Pustaka Pelajar: Yogyakarta. 2007.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dirjen POM. <i>Farmakope Indonesia Edisi III</i>. DEPKES RI: Jakarta. 1979.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div>Almi Kombonghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10251707860882050642noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2077411249242249314.post-58301738003941701922013-05-28T20:55:00.001-07:002013-05-28T20:55:30.959-07:00Analisis Golongan Vitamin<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.1.
Latar belakang</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam bidang farmasi
khususnya kimia atau analisis farmasi sering dilakukan analisis sediaan
farmasi, baik secara kualitatif maupun kuantitatif. Analisis kualitatif seperti
identifikasi organoleptis, sedangkan analisa kuantitatif digunakan untuk
menentukan kadar suatu senyawa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada percobaan ini akan
dilakukan analisis senyawa vitamin yakni vitamin B1 atau tiamin yang
selanjutnya akan ditentukan kadarnya dengan menggunakan metode argentometri
dengan menggunakan metode volhard.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Argentometri merupakan suatu
metode analisa kuantitatif yang berdasarkan pada titrasi pengendapan dimana
terdapat metode dan salah satu metode argentometri yang digunakan pada
percobaan ini yaitu metode volhard yang merupakan metode yang berlangsung dalam
suasana asam yang membentuk larutan berwarna merah.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis senyawa vitamin
seperti tiamin ini dianggap penting khususnya bagi mahasiswa farmasi karena
sebagaimana diketahui senyawa vitamin memiliki manfaat yang sangat baik bagi
tubuh yakni merupakan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> senyawa organik
kompleks yang dibutuhkan oleh tubuh dalam jumlah yang relatif kecil tetapi
sangat penting untuk pertumbuhan dan kesehatan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Oleh karena itu,
penting untuk menganalisis senyawa ini. Hal inilah yang melatarbelakangi
percobaan ini.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.2.
Maksud dan tujuan percobaan</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.2.1.
Maksud percobaan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat mengetahui dan
memahami cara analisa kuantitatif dengan metode argentometri. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.2.2.
Tujuan percobaan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat mengetahui dan memahami
cara analisa kuantitatif dengan metode argentometri dari vitamin yaitu tiamin
dengan metode volhard.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.3.
Prinsip percobaan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisa kuantitatif dari
sampel vitamin B1 atau tiamin dengan metode argentometri menggunakan metode
volhard yang berlangsung dalam suasana asam dengan menambahkan HNO<sub>3</sub>,
kemudian ditambahkan AgNO<sub>3</sub> untuk membentuk endapan serta indikator
besi amonium sulfat untuk menunjukkan titik akhir titrasi setelah dititrasi
dengan kalium tiosianat.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
II</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">TINJAUAN
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">II.1.
Teori umum</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Argentometri merupakan
metode umum untuk menetapkan kadar halogenida dan senyawa-senyawa lain yang
membentuk endapan dengan perak nitrat (AgNO<sub>3</sub>) pada suasana tertentu.
Metode argentometri memerlukan pembentukan senyawa yang relatif tidak larut
atau endapan (Ibnu & Abdul, 2007).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Titrasi-titrasi yang
melibatkan reaksi pengendapan tidak berjumlah banyak dalam analisis titrimetri
seperti titrasi-titrasi yang terlibat dalam reaksi redoks atau asam basa.
Contoh-contoh dari titrasi semacam ini biasanya dibatasi pada yang melibatkan
pengendapan dari ion perak dengan anion-anion seperti halogen atau tiosianat.
Salah satu terbatasnya penggunaan reaksi semacam ini adalah kurangnya indikator
yang cocok. Dalam beberapa kasus, terutama dalam titrasi dari larutan encer,
tingkat reaksinya terlalu lambat untuk kenyamanan sebuah titrasi. Ketika
mendekati titik ekivalen dan titran ditambahkan secara perlahan, penjenuhan
yang luar biasa tidak terjadi dan tingkat pengendapan menjadi amat lambat.
Kesulitan lainnya adalah bahwa komposisi dari endapan pada umumnya tidak
diketahui karena efek-efek pengendapan pengiring atau kopresipitasi. Meskipun
efek ini dapat diminimalisasi atau sebagian terkoreksi melalui proses-proses
seperti menyimpan pengendap cukup lama, hal ini biasanya tidak mungkin terjadi
dalam sebuah titrasi langsung (Day & underwood, 1999).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ada beberapa metode dalam
titrasi argentometri yang dibedakan berdasarkan indikator yang digunakan pada
penentuan titik akhir titrasi yaitu metode mohr, metode volhard, metode fajans
dan metode leibig (Day & underwood, 1998).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Metode mohr biasanya
digunakan untuk menitrasi ion halida seperti NaCl dengan AgNO<sub>3</sub>
sebagai titran dan K<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub> sebagai indikator. Titik akhir
titrasi ditandai dengan adanya perubahan warna suspensi dari kuning menjadi
kuning coklat. Perubahan warna tersebut terjadi karena timbulnya AgCrO<sub>4</sub>.
Saat hampir mencapai titik ekivalen, semua ion Cl<sup>-</sup> hampir berikatan
menjadi AgCl. Larutan standar yang digunakan dalam metode ini yaitu AgNO<sub>3</sub>
yang memiliki normalitas 0,1 atau 0,05. Indikator menyebabkan terjadinya reaksi
pada titik akhir dengan titran, sehingga terbentuk endapan yang berwarna merah
bata yang menunjukkan titik akhir karena warnanya berbeda dari warna endapan
analit dengan Ag<sup>+</sup> (Abdul & Mursyidi, 2006).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Metode volhard menggunakan
NH<sub>4</sub>SCN atau KSCN sebagai titran dan larutan Fe<sup>3+</sup> sebagai indikator.
Sampai dengan titik ekivalen harus terjadi reaksi antara titran dan Ag<sup>+</sup>
membentuk endapan putih. Sedikit kelebihan titran kemudian bereaksi dengan indikator
membentuk ion kompleks yang sangat kuat berwarna merah yang larut dan mewarnai
larutan yang semula tidak berwarna. Konsentrasi indikator dalam titrasi volhard
juga tidak boleh sembarang, karena titran bereaksi dengan sampel maupun indikator,
sehingga kedua reaksi itu saling mempengaruhi. Penetapan terpenting metode
volhard ialah untuk penentuan secara tidak langsung ion-ion halogenida (Abdul
& Mursyidi, 2006).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Metode fajans digunakan indikator
adsorbsi. Sebagai kenyataan bahwa pada titik ekivalen indikator teradsorbsi
oleh endapan. Indikator ini tidak memberikan perubahan warna kepada larutan
tetapi pada permukaan endapan. Endapan harus dijaga sedapat mungkin dalam
bentuk koloid (Abdul & Mursyidi, 2006).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Metode leibig dimana titik
akhir titrasinya tidak ditentukan oleh indikator, akan tetapi ditunjukkan
dengan terjadinya kekeruhan. Ketika larutan perak nitrat ditambahkan kepada
larutan alkali sianida akan terbentuk endapan putih, tetapi pada pengocokan
akan larut kembali karena terbentuk kompleks sianida yang stabil (Abdul &
Mursyidi, 2006).</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">II.2.
Uraian bahan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tiamin
(FI edisi III : 599)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: THIAMINI HYDROCHLORIDI COMPRESSI</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Tablet tiamin hidroklorida/Vitamin B1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>:
C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>17</sub>ClN<sub>4</sub>OS.HCl/375</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Aquades
(FI edisi III : 96)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: AQUA DESTILLATA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Air suling</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>:
H<sub>2</sub>O/18,02</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -103.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: Cairan jernih; tidak berwarna; tidak
berbau; tidak mempunyai rasa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai pelarut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">AgNO<sub>3</sub>
(FI edisi III : 97)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: ARGENTI NITRATS</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Perak nitrat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>:
AgNO<sub>3</sub>/169,87 g/mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -103.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span><span> </span>:
Hablur transparan atau serbuk hablur berwarna putih; tidak berbau; menjadi
gelap jika kena cahaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -112.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span> </span>: Sangat mudah larut dalam air; larut
dalam etanol (95%) P.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span><span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup
baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span><span> </span>: Sebagai pereaksi/pembentuk endapan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">HNO<sub>3</sub>
(FI edisi III : 650)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: ACIDUM NITRATS P</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Asam nitrat </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>:
HNO<sub>3</sub>/63,01</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>:
Cairan berasap, jernih, tidak berwarna.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>:
Sebagai pemberi suasana asam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Fe(NH<sub>4</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>
(FI edisi III : 659)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: BESI (II) AMONIUM SULFAT </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Besi (II) ammonium sulfat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>:
Fe (NH<sub>4</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>/219,99</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -103.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: Hablur atau serbuk hablur; biru
kehijauan<span> </span>pucat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span> </span>: Larut dalam air bebas
karbondioksida P.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai indikator.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">KSCN
(FI edisi III : 693)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: KALII TIOSIANAT</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Kalium tiosianat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: KCNS/97,18</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: Hablur tidak berwarna, melelah
basah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -103.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span> </span><span> </span>:
Larut dalam 0,5 bagian air dan dalam 15 bagian etanol mutlak P.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai penitran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 153pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -117pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">METODE
KERJA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.1.
Alat dan bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.1.1.
Alat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun alat-alat yang
digunakan dalam percobaan ini yaitu botol semprot, buret, corong kaca, erlenmeyer,
gelas kimia, kertas perkamen, kertas saring, klem, lap kasar, lumpang dan alu,
pipet skala, pipet tetes, pipet volume, sendok tanduk, statif, dan timbangan
analitik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.1.2.
Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun bahan-bahan yang
digunakan dalam percobaan ini yaitu AgNO<sub>3</sub>, aquades, Fe(NH<sub>4</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>,
HNO<sub>3</sub>, <span> </span>KSCN 0,1 N dan tablet
tiamin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.2.
Cara kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tablet
tiamin atau vitamin B1 yang telah diserbukkan ditimbang sebanyak 223,99 mg yang
setara dengan 50 mg tiamin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dilarutkan
dalam 25 ml H<sub>2</sub>O dan ditambahkan 10 ml HNO<sub>3</sub> P.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Larutan
tersebut ditambahkan 5 ml AgNO<sub>3</sub>, kemudian filtratnya disaring.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditambahkan
indikator besi amonium sulfat dan dititrasi dengan KSCN 0,1 N hingga berubah
warna.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Dihitung volume titrasi dan kadar dari tiamin.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
IV</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">HASIL
PENGAMATAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">IV.1.
Data pengamatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berat etiket tablet tiamin<span> </span>= 30 mg.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bobot rata-rata tablet<span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="137" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bobot yang setara dengan 50 mg<span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="185" /></span><span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Volume titrasi<span> </span>= 2 ml.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perubahan warna<span> </span>= bening-merah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">IV.2.
Perhitungan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mg=V.N.Be sampel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>=
2 . 0,1 . 375</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>= 75
mg</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="241" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="122" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="74" /></span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="13" /></span><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="41" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="61" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="220" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>
</span><span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="122" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>
</span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" width="53" /></span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" width="25" /></span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="13" /></span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="41" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>
</span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" width="59" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.gif" width="187" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>
</span><span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" width="108" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>
</span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" width="97" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>
</span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" width="71" /></span><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image038.gif" width="12" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">IV.3.
Reaksi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">AgNO<sub>3</sub> bereaksi dengan ion Cl<sup>-</sup>
dari sampel tiamin dalam suasana asam:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>HNO<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 103px; margin-top: 4px; position: absolute; width: 69px; z-index: 251659264;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.gif" width="69" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">AgNO<sub>3</sub> + Cl<sup>-</sup>
<span> </span>AgCl + NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Endapan
AgCl (endapan Ag<sup>+</sup>) akan bereaksi dengan ion SCN<sup>-</sup>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 140px; margin-top: 4px; position: absolute; width: 42px; z-index: 251658240;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image040.gif" width="42" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ag<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>
+ SCN<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> <span> </span>AgSCN<sub>(s)
</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 145px; margin-top: 9px; position: absolute; width: 37px; z-index: 251660288;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image041.gif" width="37" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Fe<sup>3+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>
+ SCN<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)<span> </span></sub>Fe(SCN)<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 9pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
V</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada
percobaan ini dilakukan analisis kuantitatif terhadap senyawa vitamin yaitu
tiamin menggunakan analisa argentometri yaitu metode volhard. Metode volhard
merupakan metode dimana penerapannya yaitu untuk penentuan secara tidak
langsung ion-ion halogenida, dimana didalam percobaan ini ion halogen yang
dimaksud adalah Cl<sup>-</sup> dari sampel tiamin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam
percobaan ini digunakan sediaan tablet dari vitamin B1 atau tiamin HCl dimana
akan digunakan sampel ini yang setara dengan 50 mg tiamin. Jadi, dihitung
dengan cara 50 mg dibagi dengan 5 tablet yang ditimbang dikali bobot etiket
sebanyak 30 mg, kemudian dikalikan dengan bobot keseluruhan dari 5 tablet dan
hasilnya itulah yang ditimbang dimana dianggap setara dengan 50 mg tiamin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Percobaan
dimulai dengan menimbang tablet tiamin yang telah diserbukkan sebanyak 223,99
mg yang setara dengan 50 mg tiamin. Kemudian, dilarutkan dengan 25 ml aquades
dan ditambahkan HNO<sub>3</sub> P sebanyak 10 ml HNO<sub>3</sub> P dan 5 ml
larutan AgNO<sub>3</sub>. Setelah itu, dihomogenkan dan filtratnya disaring.
Selanjutnya, ditambahkan indikator Fe(NH<sub>4</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>
dan dititrasi dengan larutan KSCN 0,1 N.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jadi,
tujuan penambahan diatas yaitu sampel ditambahkan aquades untuk melarutkan
sampel, kemudian ditambahkan HNO<sub>3</sub> P untuk memberikan suasana asam
pada sampel dimana metode volhard harus berlangsung dalam suasana asam karena
ketika bersifat basa, maka nantinya ketika ditambahkan indikator Fe(NH<sub>4</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>
bisa saja ion besi (III) akan diendapkan menjadi Fe(OH)<sub>3</sub>, sehingga
diusahakan pHnya harus asam. Selanjutnya, ditambahkan AgNO<sub>3</sub> yang
akan bereaksi dengan ion Cl<sup>-</sup> dari sampel untuk membentuk endapan
AgCl yang berwarna putih. Sebagaimana diketahui metode argentometri merupakan
titrasi pengendapan berdasarkan ion perak nitrat yang bereaksi. Kemudian,
disaring dan ditambahkan indikator Fe(NH<sub>4</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) untuk
menunjukkan titik akhir titrasi. Selanjutnya, dititrasi sedikit dengan larutan
KSCN 0,1 N dengan volume titrasi sebanyak 1,5 ml diperoleh endapan putih yang
tidak larut, kemudian dititrasi berlebih lagi dan diperoleh volume titrasi
sebanyak 2 ml hingga berwarna merah dan sudah tidak ada lagi endapan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Setelah
dilakukan perhitungan, maka kadar tiamin yang diperoleh dari percobaan ini yaitu
250,2%. Hal ini tidak sesuai dengan literatur, dimana farmakope Indonesia edisi
III menyatakan bahwa kadar tiamin tidak kurang dari </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">95,0%
dan tidak lebih dari 115,0%. Hal ini disebabkan karena adanya berbagai faktor
kesalahan didalam percobaan, diantaranya yaitu ketidaktelitian praktikan dalam
mengerjakan sesuatu mulai dari menimbang sampel hingga menitrasi sampel dan
lain sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
VI</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">VI.1.
Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kadar tiamin yang diperoleh menggunakan analisa
kuantitatif argentometri dengan metode volhard adalah 250,2%. Hal ini tidak
sesuai dengan literatur yang menyatakan bahwa % kadar tiamin tidak kurang dari
95,0% dan tidak lebih dari 115,0%. Hal ini disebabkan karena adanya berbagai
faktor kesalahan didalam percobaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">VI.2.
Saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Day,
R.A,Jr dan Underwood, A.L. 1998. <i>Analisis
Kimia Kuantitatif Edisi Keempat</i>. Erlangga: Jakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Day,
R.A,Jr dan Underwood, A.L. 1999. <i>Analisis
Kimia Kuantitatif Edisi Keenam</i>. Erlangga: Jakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dirjen POM,. <i>Farmakope Indonesia edisi III</i>. DEPKES RI: Jakarta. 1979.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Abdul, Rohman dan
Ibnu,. 2007. <i>Pengantar Kimia Farmasi
Analisis</i>. Pustaka Pelajar: Yogyakarta.</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Abdul, Rohman dan
Mursyidi,. 2006. <i>Pengantar Kimia Farmasi
Analisis Volumetri dan Gravimetri</i>. Pustaka Pelajar: Yogyakarta.</span><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tim
penyusun,. <i>Penuntun praktikum analisis
farmasi</i>. STIFA: Makassar. 2013.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
Almi Kombonghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10251707860882050642noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2077411249242249314.post-91254366398458693442013-05-28T20:40:00.001-07:002013-05-28T20:40:43.450-07:00Analisis Turunan Antibiotik<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.1.
Latar belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam bidang farmasi khususnya kimia atau analisis
farmasi sering dilakukan analisis sediaan farmasi, baik secara kualitatif
maupun kuantitatif. Analisis kualitatif seperti identifikasi organoleptik,
sedangkan analisa kuantitatif digunakan untuk menentukan kadar suatu senyawa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada percobaan ini akan dilakukan analisis senyawa
turunan antibiotik yakni amoxicillin yang selanjutnya akan ditentukan kadarnya
dengan menggunakan metode iodometri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Iodometri merupakan suatu metode penentuan kadar
berdasarkan reaksi oksidasi reduksi yang dilakukan dengan titrasi tidak
langsung yakni bahan pereduksi dioksidasi dengan larutan baku dalam jumlah
berlebih dan kelebihannya dititrasi dengan larutan baku natrium tiosulfat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis senyawa amoxicillin ini dianggap penting
khususnya bagi mahasiswa farmasi karena sebagaimana diketahui senyawa turunan
antibiotik diketahui memiliki beberapa aktivitas farmakologis diantaranya
menghambat sintesis peptidoglikan atau proses penting dalam kehidupan suatu
mikroorganisme. Meskipun ada efek samping seperti reaksi hipersensitivitas dan
menimbulkan resistensi, tetapi itulah pentingnya dilakukan analisis untuk
melihat bagaimana kualitas mutu dari sediaan yang dibuat. Hal inilah yang
melatarbelakangi dilakukannya percobaan ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.2.
Maksud dan Tujuan Percobaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.2.1. Maksud percobaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat mengetahui dan memahami cara analisis secara
kuantitatif senyawa golongan antibiotik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.2.2. Tujuan percobaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat mengetahui dan memahami cara analisis kuantitatif
senyawa amoxicillin dengan menggunakan metode iodometri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.3.
Prinsip percobaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis senyawa amoxicillin dengan menggunakan metode
iodometri dimana amoxicillin ditambahkan larutan basa dan didiamkan, kemudian
ditambahkan asam dan I<sub>2</sub>. Kemudian dititrasi dengan larutan baku
natrium tiosulfat dengan penambahan indikator kanji.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
II</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">TINJAUAN
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">II.1.
Teori umum</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Antibiotika
adalah senyawa kimia yang dihasilkan oleh mikroorganisme (khususnya dihasilkan
oleh fungi) atau dihasilkan secara sintetik yang dapat membunuh atau menghambat
perkembangan bakteri dan organisme lain sedangkan Antimikroba adalah obat yang
digunakan untuk memberantas infeksi mikroba pada manusia.<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Antibiotika merupakan segolongan senyawa, baik alami
maupun sintetik, yamg mempunyai efek menekan atau menghentikan suatu proses
suatu proses biokimia di dalam organisme, khususnya dalam proses infeksi
oleh bakteri</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penggunaan antibiotika khususnya berkaitan dengan
pengobatan penyakit infeksi, meskipun dalam bioteknologi dan rekayasa genetika
juga digunakan sebagai alat seleksi terhadap mutan atau transporman.
Antibiotika bekerja seperti pestisida dengan menekan atau memutuskan satu mata
rantai metabolisme, hanya saja targetnya adalah bakteri. Antibiotika berbeda
dengan desinfektan karena cara kerjanya. Desinfektan membunuh kuman dengan
menciptakan lingkungan yang tidak wajar bagi kuman untuk hidup (1).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Antibiotika
tidak efektif menangani infeksi akibat virus, jamur, atau nonbakteri lainnya,
dan setiap antibiotika sangat beragam keefektifannya dalam melawan berbagai
jenis bakteri. Ada antibiotika yang membidik bakteri gram negative atau gram positif,
ada pula yang spektrumnya lebih luas. Keefektifannya juga bergantung pada lokasi
infeksi dan kemampuan antibiotik mencapai lokasi tersebut (2).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Ada
banyak cara untuk menggolongkan antibiotik, salah satunya berdasarkan struktur
kimianya. Berdasarkan struktur kimianya, antibitik dikelompokkan sebagai
berikut (3):</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Golongan
Aminoglikosida</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diantaranya adalah amikasin, gentamisin, kanakmisin, neomisin, paromisin,
sisomisin, streptomisin, dan tobramisin.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Golongan
Beta-Laktam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diantaranya golongan karbapenem(ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem), golongan
sefalosporin (sefaleksin, sefazolin, sefuroksim, sefadroksil, seftazidim),
golongan beta-laktam monosiklik, dan golongan penisilin (penisilin,
amoksisilin).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Salah satu contoh dari golongan beta-laktam ini adalah golongan
sefalosporin dan golongan sefalosporin ini ada hingga generasi ketiga dan
seftriakson merupakan generasi ketika dari golongan sefalosporin. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 53.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Seftriakson </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 35.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Obat ini umumnya aktif terhadap kuman gram-positif,
tetapi kurang aktif dibandingkan dengan sefalosporin generasi pertama. Untuk
meningitis obat ini diberikan dua kali sehari sedangkan untuk infeksi lain
umumnya cukup satu kali dalam sehari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 35.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dosis lazim obat ini ialah 1-2 g/hari IM atau IV dalam
dosis tunggal atau dibagi dalam 2 dosis. Seftriakson tersedia dalam bentuk
bubuk obat suntik 0.25 ; 0.5 ; dan 1 g. apabila obat ini diberikan sebanyak
250mg akan sangat ampuh dan tanpa komplikasi oleh karena itu menjadi pilihan
utama untuk uretritis oleh gonokokus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Golongan
Glikopeptida</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diantaranya vankomisin, teikoplanin, ramoplanin dan
dekaplanin. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kloramfenikol
contohnya tiamfenikol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Quinolon
ontohnya asam nalidiksat, fluroquinolon</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan sifat (daya hancurnya) antibiotik dibagi menjadi 2<span> </span>yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Antibiotik
yang bersifat bakterisidal, yaitu antibiotik yang bersifat destruktif
terhadap bakteri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Antibiotik
yang bersifat bakteriostatik, yaitu antibiotik yang bekerja menghambat
pertumbuhan atau multiplikasi bakteri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>
</span>Amoxicillin adalah antibiotik dalam kelompok obat penisilin. Memerangi bakteri
dalam tubuh. amoxicillin digunakan untuk mengobati berbagai jenis infeksi yang
disebabkan oleh bakteri seperti inveksi telinga, infeksi kantong kemih, pneumonia,
gonoreae dan infeksi coli/salmonella. Amoxicillin juga kadang-kadang digunakan
bersama dengan yang lain. Plaritromisin disebut antibiotik (biaxin) untuk
mengobati bisul perut yang disebabkan oleh infeksi belicobacterphilory.
Kombinasi ini kadang-kadang digunakan dengan peredam asam lambung disebut tansopiazole
(prevacid) (4).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis kimia
farmasi kuantitatif biasanya dibagi menjadi beberapa analisis berdasarkan
metode dan teknik kerjanya (4):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.
Analisis gravimetri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.
Analisis volumetri yang biasa desebut juga analisis titrimetri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.
Analisis gasometri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.
Analisis dengan metode fisika dan kimia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis
titrimetri umumnya dapat dibagi dalam 4 bentuk, yaitu (5):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.
Reaksi netralisasi atau disebut asidimetri/alkalimetri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.
Reaksi pembentukan kompleks</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.
Reaksi pengendapan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.
Reaksi oksidasi-reduksi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Titrasi-titrasi redoks berdasarkan pada perpindahan
elektron antara titran dan analit. Jenis titrasi ini biasanya menggunakan
potensiometri untuk mendeteksi titik akhir, meskipun demikian penggunaan
indikator yang dapat berubah warnanya dengan adanya kelebihan titran juga
sering digunakan (6).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">II.2.
Uraian Bahan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Aquadest
(7 : 96)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: AQUA DESTILLATA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Nama lain<span> </span>: Air suling/aquades</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>RM/BM<span> </span><span> </span>: H<sub>2</sub>O/18.02
g/mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 153pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -153pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Pemerian<span> </span><span> </span>:
Cairan jernih, tidak berwarna, tidak berbau dan tidak mempunyai rasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Kelarutan<span> </span>: -</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai pelarut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Natrium Tiosulfat (7 : 428)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Nama Resmi<span> </span>: NATRII THIOSULFAS</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Nama Lain<span> </span>:
Natrium Tiosulfat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>RM/BM<span> </span>:
Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/248,17</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 148.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -155.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Pemerian<span> </span>: Hablur besar tidak berwarna ;
dalam udarah lembab meleleh basah; dalam hampa udara pada suhu diatas 33
merapuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 148.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -155.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Kelarutan<span> </span>: Dalam 0,5 bagian air;<span> </span>praktis tidak larut dala etanol (95%)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Penyimpanan<span> </span> : Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Kegunaan<span> </span>
: sebagai penitran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Natrium
hidroksida</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(7 : 421)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Nama resmi
<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>:
NATRII HIDROCIDUM</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Nama
lain<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>:
Natrium Hidroksida</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>RM/BM<span> </span><span> </span>: NaOH/40</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 184.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -148.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Pemerian<span> </span><span> </span>: bentuk batang massa hablur air keping-<span> </span>keping keping, keras dan rapuh dan
menunjukkan susunan hablur putih mudah meleleh basa sangat katalis dan korosif
segera menyerap karbondioksida.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Kelarutan<span> </span>: sangat mudah larut
dalam air</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>:
Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Kegunaan<span> </span>: sebagai pemberi
suasana basa.<span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam Klorida
(7 : 53)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Nama resmi
<span> </span>:<span> </span>ACIDUM HYDROCHLORIDUM </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Nama
lain<span> </span><span> </span>:<span>
</span>Asam Klorida</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>RM/BM<span> </span>:<span> </span>HCl / 36,46 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 148.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Pemerian<span> </span><span> </span>:<span> </span>cairan tidak berwarna, berasap, bau
merangsang, jika diencerkan dengan 2 bagian air, asaap dan bau hilang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span>Kegunaan<span> </span><span> </span>: sebagai pemberi suasana asam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I<sub>2</sub>
(7:316)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span> </span>: IODUM</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain<span> </span>: Iodium</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>:
I/126,91</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 153pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -113.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: keping atau butir, berat, mengkilat
seperti logam;hitam kelabu; bau khas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -103.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>:
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">larut dalam lebih kurang 300 bagian
air, dalam 13 bagian etanol (95 %) P. dalam lebih kurang 80 bagian gliserol P
dan dalam lebih kurang 7 bagian karbondisulfida P ; larut dalam kloroform P dan
dalam karbontetraklorida P.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span><span> </span>:
Sebagai pereaksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Indikator
kanji (7:93) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama
resmi<span> </span><span> </span>:
AMILUM MANIHOT</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama
lain<span> </span>: Amilum/pati kentang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: Serbuk halus, putih, tidak
berbau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 148.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -109.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span> </span><span> </span>: Praktis tidak larut dalam air dan dalam
etanol (95%) P.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span><span> </span>:
Sebagai indikator.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Amoxicillin
(8 : 95)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama
resmi<span> </span>:<span> </span>AMOXICILLIN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumus
molekul<span> </span>: C<sub>16</sub>H<sub>19</sub>N<sub>3</sub>O<sub>5</sub>S.
3H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berat
molekul<span> </span>: 419,45</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: Serbuk hablur putih, praktis
tidak berbau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 153pt; text-indent: -112.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span> </span><span> </span>: Sukar larut
dalam air dan metanol, tidak larut dalam benzen, dalam karbon tetraklorida dan
dalam kloroform.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">METODE
KERJA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.1.
Alat dan bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.1.1. Alat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun alat-alat yang digunakan dalam percobaan ini yaitu
botol semprot, buret, erlenmeyer, gelas ukur, karet hisap, kertas perkamen,
klem, pipet skala, pipet ukur, statif, sendok tanduk, dan timbangan analitik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.1.2. Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun bahan-bahan yang digunakan dalam percobaan ini
yaitu aquades, asam klorida 0,1 N, Indikator kanji 1%, I<sub>2</sub> 0,693 N,
natrium hidroksida 0,1 N, Natrium tiosulfat 0,1 N dan tablet amoxicillin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.2.
Cara kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tablet amoxicillin yang telah dihaluskan
ditimbang sebanyak dengan 68,82 mg yang setara dengan 50 mg amoxicillin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dilarutkan dengan 100 ml aquades, kemudian
disaring.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Larutan tersebut diambil 5 ml dan ditambahkan
NaOH 0,1 N sebanyak 5 ml, kemudian ditutup (±20 menit).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditambahkan HCl P sebanyak 1 ml dan I<sub>2</sub>
0,693 N sebanyak 10 ml.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dititrasi sedikit dengan Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>0<sub>3</sub>
berlebih, kemudian ditambahkan indikator kanji, kemudian dititrasi kembali
hingga berubah warna.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
IV</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">HASIL
PENGAMATAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">IV.1.
Data pengamatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berat
etiket tablet fenobarbital<span> </span>= 500
mg.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bobot
rata-rata tablet<span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bobot
yang setara dengan 50 mg<span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;">
</span><span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Volume
titrasi<span> </span>=
7,15 ml.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perubahan
warna<span> </span>=
Biru-bening</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">IV.2.
Perhitungan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kadar
= (N . V I<sub>2</sub> – N . V Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) x Be
sampel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>= (0,693 N . 10 ml – 0,1N . 7,15 ml)
x 85,8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>= (6,93 – 0,715) x 85,8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>= 6,215 x 85,8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>= 533,247 mg.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mg=V.N.Be
sampel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>= 7,15 . 0,1 . 85,8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>= 61,347 mg</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;">
</span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">
</span><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;">
</span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;">
</span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">
</span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;">
</span><span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">IV.3.
Reaksi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penentuan Kadar Amoksisilin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
+ I<sub>2</sub></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">O</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">n</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">OH</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">OH</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
CH<sub>2</sub>OH</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
O</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">H</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">H</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">OH</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">OH</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
CH<sub>2</sub>OH</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
O</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
H</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">H</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>
</span>Amylum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span> </span>I</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span> </span>I</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">O</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
n</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">OH</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">OH</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
CH<sub>2</sub>OH</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
O</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">H</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">H</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">OH</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">OH</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
CH<sub>2</sub>OH</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
O</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">H</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">H</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>
</span>Biru</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span> </span>
<span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
+<span> </span>Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>
</span>Amoksisilin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
+<span> </span>H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span> </span>Na.
Amoksisilin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span> </span>I</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span> </span>I</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
+ Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 6pt; line-height: 115%;">O</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">n</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">OH</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">OH</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
CH<sub>2</sub>OH</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
O</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">H</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
H</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">O</span>H</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">O</span>H</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
CH<sub>2</sub>OH</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
O</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">H</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">H</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span> </span>Biru</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
+ 2 NaI + H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">O</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">n</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">OH</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">OH</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
CH<sub>2</sub>OH</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
O</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
H</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
H</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
OH</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
OH</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
CH<sub>2</sub>OH</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
O</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
H</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
H</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span> </span>Bening</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
V</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada percobaan ini dilakukan
analisis secara kuantitatif dari senyawa amoxicillin dengan dosis etiket 500
mg. Kemudian, bobot yang ditimbang untuk analisis dari tablet amoxicillin yang
telah dihaluskan yakni yang diperkirakan setara dengan 50 mg amoxicillin dengan
cara menimbang 5 tablet amoxicillin, kemudian dihitung dengan cara 50 mg
amoxicillin yang diinginkan dibagi dengan 5 tablet dikali dosis etiket dalam
tablet amoxicillin, kemudian dikalikan dengan bobot keseluruhan 5 tablet tadi
dan dari percobaan didapatkan sebanyak 68,82 mg. Jadi, yang ditimbang adalah
68,82 mg amoxicillin yang berarti setara dengan 50 mg amoxicillin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun larutan penitran yang
digunakan adalah Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> 0,1 N. Cara pembuatan
dan pembakuan Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> 0,1 N adalah dibuat
dengan cara menimbang Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> sesuai
perhitungan dan volume larutan yang diinginkan dan dilarutkan serta diadkan
dengan aquades. Kemudian dibakukan dengan cara ditimbang seksama ±150 mg kalium
iodat yang sudah dikeringkan pada suhu 120<sup>0</sup>C secara seksama,
dilarutkan dalam 25 ml air yang telah didihkan. Selanjutnya, ditambahkan 2 gram
kalium iodida yang bebas iodat dan 5 ml HCl P dalam erlenmeyer tertutup. Iodium
yang dibebaskan dititrasi dengan Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> yang
akan dibakukan sambil terus dikocok. Bila larutan menjadi kuning pucat ditambah
100 ml air dan 3 ml larutan kanji. Titrasi dilanjutkan sampai bening.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Amoxicillin dianalisis
dengan menggunakan metode iodometri. Metode iodometri merupakan metode yang
melibatkan reaksi oksidasi reduksi yang dilakukan secara tidak langsung.
Pertama-tama, ditimbang amoxicillin sebanyak 68,82 mg yang setara dengan 50 mg
amoxicillin, kemudian dilarutkan dalam 100 ml aquades dan disaring. Setelah
itu, diambil 5 ml dan ditambahkan NaOH 0,1 N sebanyak 5 ml dan didiamkan selama
5 menit, setelah itu ditambahkan HCl P sebanyak 1 ml dan ditambahkan I<sub>2</sub>
sebanyak 10 ml, setelah itu dititrasi dengan sedikit Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
0,1 N berlebih, lalu ditambahkan indikator kanji 1% 2-3 tetes dan dititrasi
kembali hingga berubah warna.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Volume titrasi yang
dihasilkan hingga memberikan perubahan warna dari biru hingga bening ialah 7,15
ml.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan penambahan NaOH 0,1 N
adalah untuk memberikan suasana basa, sebagaimana diketahui amoxicillin
bersifat asam, dan didiamkan supaya melarut atau bereaksi sempurna, kemudian
ditambahkan HCl P dengan tujuan untuk memberi suasana asam atau menetralkan
kembali larutan tadi. Selanjutnya, ditambahkan I<sub>2</sub> dengan tujuan
sebagai pereaksi artinya dalam metode ini yang bereaksi ialah I<sub>2</sub>
dengan Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3 </sub>sebagai penitran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu
kadar dalam mg = 533,247 mg dan % kadar = 12,2%. Jadi, hasil ini tidak sesuai
dengan literatur dimana menurut farmakope edisi IV kadar amoxicillin yaitu
tidak kurang dari 90,0%. Hal ini disebabkan oleh banyak faktor kesalahan
diantaranya NaOH hanya didiamkan selama 5 menit bukan 20 menit dan tidak
ditutup, kemudian dalam percobaan tidak dititrasi dulu dengan Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
0,1 N berlebih, tetapi langsung ditambahkan indikator kanji.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
VI</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">VI.1.
Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kadar
amoxicillin yang diperoleh dari analisa kuantitatif menggunakan metode
iodometri adalah 533,247 mg atau % kadar yang diperoleh adalah 12,2%.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">VI.2.
Saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 45.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ganiswara,
Sulistia G. <i>Farmakologi dan Terapi Edisi
IV</i>. Universitas Indonesia: Jakarta. 1995.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Anonim.
</span><a href="http://rgmaisyah.wordpress.com/barbiturat/2013/04/14"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">http:/rgmaisyah.Scribd
.com/Antibiotik/2013/04/18</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">.<span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Priyanto.
<i>Farmakologi Dasar untuk Mahasiswa Farmasi
dan Keperawatan.</i> LESKONFI. Jakarta. 2010.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Anonim.http://www.<i>kimiaitumenyenangkan</i>.blogspot.com/2012/04/18/ujianti-mikroba-pada-antibiotik.html.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Wunas, J. Said,S. <i>Analisa Kimia
Farmasi Kuantitatif. </i>UNHAS : Makassar. 1986.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sudjadi.
<i>Analisis Kuantitatif Obat</i>.
Universitas Gajah Mada: Yogyakarta. 2008.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dirjen
POM. <i>Farmakope Indonesia Edisi III</i>.
DEPKES RI: Jakarta. 1979.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dirjen
POM. <i>Farmakope Indonesia Edisi IV</i>. DEPKES
RI: Jakarta. 1995.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Almi Kombonghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10251707860882050642noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2077411249242249314.post-79323864439817868402013-05-28T16:14:00.001-07:002013-05-28T16:14:09.642-07:00Analisis Senyawa Sulfonamid<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.1.
Latar belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam bidang farmasi khususnya kimia farmasi sering
dilakukan analisis sediaan farmasi, baik secara kualitatif maupun kuantitatif.
Analisis kualitatif seperti identifikasi organoleptik, sedangkan analisa
kuantitatif digunakan untuk menentukan kadar suatu senyawa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada percobaan ini akan dianalisis senyawa
sulfametoksazol dari tablet cotrimetoksazol secara kuantitatif yakni dengan
menggunakan salah satu metode yang disebut dengan metode diazotasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diazotasi merupakan analisis kuantitatif yang berdasar
pada reaksi antara amin aromatis primer dengan asam nitrit sebagai penitrannya
yang berlangsung dalam suasana asam dan membentuk garam diazonium.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis senyawa sulfametoksazol ini dianggap penting
sebagaimana diketahui senyawa ini merupakan zat aktif dalam tablet
cotrimetoksazol yang dapat digunakan sebagai antimikroba, sehingga dapat
diketahui bagaimana sifat dari senyawa ini seperti kemurniaanya. Hal inilah
yang melatarbelakangi dilakukannya percobaan ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.2.
Maksud dan tujuan percobaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.2.1.
Maksud percobaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat mengetahui dan memahami bagaimana cara menganalisa
senyawa sulfonamid dengan suatu metode.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.2.2.
Tujuan percobaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat mengetahui dan memahami cara menganalisa
sulfametoksazol dari sediaan tablet cotrimetoksazol dengan metode diazotasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I.3.
Prinsip percobaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis
senyawa sulfametoksazol dari tablet cotrimetoksazol menggunakan metode
diazotasi dengan menimbang tablet cotrimetoksazol yang setara dengan bobot
sulfametoksazol dan dilarutkan dalam senyawa asam, kemudian ditambahkan
indikator dalam dan dititrasi dengan NaNO<sub>2</sub>, sehingga terbentuk garam
diazonium berwarna hijau toska.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">TINJAUAN
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">II.1.
Teori umum</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Titrasi redoks
banyak digunakan dalam pemeriksaan kimia karena berbagai zat organik dan zat
anorganik dapat ditentukan dengan cara ini. Namun demikian agar tirasi redoks
ini berhasil dengan baik, maka persyaratan berikut harus dipenuhi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Harus tersedia pasangan sistem
redoks yang sesuai sehingga terjadi pertukaran elektron secara stokhiometri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi redoks harus berjalan cukup
cepat dan berlangsung secara terukur (kesempurnaan 99%).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Harus tersedia cara penentuan titik
akhir yang sesuai.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Salah satu metode yang
termasuk dalam titrasi redoks adalah diazotasi (nitritometri). Titrasi
diazotasi berdasarkan pada pembentukan garam diazonium dari gugus amin<span> </span>aromatis bebas yang direaksikan dengan asam
nitrit, dimana asam nitrit ini diperoleh dengan cara mereaksikan natrium nitrit
dengan suatu asam (1:114).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan
pada reaksi diazotasi (1:115):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Suhu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Titrasi
diazotasi sebaiknya dilakukan pada suhu rendah, lebih kecil dari 15°C karena
asam nitrit yang terbentuk dari reaksi natrium nitrit dengan asam tidak stabil
dan mudah terurai, dan garam diazonium yang terbentuk pada hasil titrasi juga
tidak stabil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kecepatan
reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi titrasi amin aromatis pada reaksi diazotasi
barjalan agak lambat, titrasi sebaiknya dilakukan secra perlahan-lahan, dan
reaksi diazotasi dapat dikatalisa dengan penambahan natrium dan kalium bromida
sebagai katalisator.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diazotasi adalah reaksi
antara amin aromatis primer dengan asam nitrit yang berasal dari natrium nitrit
dalam suasana asam untuk membentuk garam diazonium (2).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diazotasi ini telah digunakan secara umum untuk penetapan
senyawa-senyawa dalam industri zat warna, senyawa farmasi dan dapat dipakai
untuk penetapan semua senyawa-senyawa yang mengandung gugus amina aromatis
primer (3).</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada analisis
kuantitatif, sampel dilarutkan dalam suasana asam mineral berlebih (biasanya
asam klorida) dititrasi dengan larutan natrium nitrit. Titik akhir titrasi
dapat ditunjukkan dengan: indikator luar yang berupa pasta kanji iodida;
indikator dalam dengan menggunakan campuran tropeolin OO dan metilen biru;
dapat diamati secara potensiometri (2).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">II.2.
Uraian bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sulfametoksazol (5:586)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama
resmi<span> </span>: SULFAMETHOXAZOLUM</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama
lain<span> </span>: Sulfametoksazol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>11</sub>N<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub>S/253,28</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 148.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -112.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: Serbuk hablur; putih sampai hampir
putih;<span> </span>praktiks tidak berbau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 153pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -117pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span> </span>: Praktis tidak larut dalam air;
larut dalam 50 bagian etanol (95%) P; dalam 3 bagian aseton P; mudah larut
dalam larutan natrium hidroksida.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 153pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -117pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 153pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -117pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai sampel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam klorida (5:53)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama
resmi<span> </span>: ACIDUM CHLORIDUM</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama
lain<span> </span>: Asam klorida</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: HCl/36,46</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -112.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span><span> </span>:
Cairan tidak berwarna, berasap, bau merangsang. Jika diencerkan dengan 2 bagian
air, asap dan bau hilang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -112.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -112.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai pemberi suasana
asam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -112.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Natrium nitrit (5:714)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama
resmi<span> </span>: NATRII NITRIT</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama
lain<span> </span>: Natrium nitrit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: NaNO<sub>2</sub>/69,00</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 153pt; text-indent: -117pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: Hablur atau granul, tidak
berwarna atau putih kekuningan, rapuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 153pt; text-indent: -117pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span> </span>: Larut dalam 1,5 bagian air,
agak sukar larut dalam etanol 95% P.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 153pt; text-indent: -117pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 153pt; text-indent: -117pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai penitran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Aquades (5:96)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama
resmi<span> </span>: AQUA DESTILLATA</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama
lain<span> </span>: Air suling</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span> </span>: H<sub>2</sub>O/18,02</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 148.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -112.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span> </span>: Cairan jernih; tidak berwarna;
tidak berbau; tidak mempunyai rasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tropeolin OO</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Trayek
PH<span> </span>: 1,3-3,2</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perubahan
warna<span> </span>: merah-kuning.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai indikator.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Metilen biru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Trayek
PH<span> </span>: 3,0-4,6</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perubahan
warna<span> </span>: kuning-biru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span> </span>: Sebagai indikator.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
III</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">METODE
KERJA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.1.
Alat dan bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.1.1.
Alat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun alat-alat yang digunakan dalam percobaan ini yaitu
buret, erlenmeyer, karet isap, klem, lumpang dan alu, kertas perkamen, pipet
skala 5 ml, sendok tanduk, statif, timbangan analitik, termometer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.1.2.
Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun bahan-bahan yang digunakan dalam percobaan ini
yaitu es batu, HCl P, metilen biru, natrium nitrit, tablet cotrimetoksazol dan
tropeolin OO.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">III.2.
Cara kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditimbang 282 mg Cotrimetoksazol yang setara
dengan 200 mg sulfametoksazol yang telah diserbukkan terlebih dahulu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sulfametoksazol tersebut dilarutkan dalam HCl
P sebanyak 5 ml dan ditambahkan sedikit aquades.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Larutan tersebut kemudian didinginkan dengan
es batu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditambahkan indicator dalam yaitu tropeolin
OO dan metilen biru sebanyak 3 tetes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dititrasi dengan NaNO<sub>2</sub> hingga
warna hijau toska.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dihitung volume titrasinya dan dilakukan
duplo.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
IV</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">HASIL
PENGAMATAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">IV.1.
Tabel pengamatan</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 0.45in; width: 510px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.2pt;" valign="top" width="139">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berat
sulfametoksazol (mg)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.6pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Volume
titrasi 1</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.65pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Volume
titrasi 2</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.05pt;" valign="top" width="135">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perubahan
warna</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.2pt;" valign="top" width="139">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">200</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.6pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">7,4 ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.65pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">8,4 ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.05pt;" valign="top" width="135">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Biru-Hijau toska</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">IV.2.
Perhitungan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berat
10 tablet cotrimetoksazol adalah 5,653 gram.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Volume
titrasi rata-rata<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="128" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah
sulfametoksazol yang setara dengan 200 mg dalam tablet cotrimetoksazol adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="237" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="176" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="117" /></span>x100%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="103" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">=
1,00 x100%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">=
100%.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">IV.3.
Reaksi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 140px; margin-top: 5px; position: absolute; width: 26px; z-index: 251675648;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="26" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">NaNO<sub>2</sub> + HCl<span> </span>HNO<sub>2</sub> + NaCl</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="26" width="91"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="51" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 25px; left: 0px; margin-left: 224px; margin-top: 9px; position: absolute; width: 3px; z-index: 251674624;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" width="3" /></span><span style="height: 24px; left: 0px; margin-left: 216px; margin-top: 10px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251673600;"><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 25px; left: 0px; margin-left: 256px; margin-top: 9px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251670528;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 40px; left: 0px; margin-left: 261px; margin-top: 4px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251668480;"><img height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 216px; margin-top: 4px; position: absolute; width: 47px; z-index: 251667456;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" width="47" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 140px; margin-top: 4px; position: absolute; width: 25px; z-index: 251666432;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="25" /></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251665408;"><span style="height: 20px; left: 101px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 29px;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" width="29" /></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 101px; margin-top: 25px; position: absolute; width: 34px; z-index: 251664384;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="34" /></span><span style="height: 23px; left: 0px; margin-left: 133px; margin-top: 4px; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251663360;"><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" width="9" /></span><span style="height: 17px; left: 0px; margin-left: 91px; margin-top: 10px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251662336;"><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 3px; left: 0px; margin-left: 68px; margin-top: 9px; position: absolute; width: 25px; z-index: 251658240;"><img height="3" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" width="25" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sub>2</sub>N<span> </span><span> </span>SO<sub>2</sub>NH<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>+ HNO<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 36px; left: 0px; margin-left: 245px; margin-top: 6px; position: absolute; width: 18px; z-index: 251671552;"><img height="36" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" width="18" /></span><span style="height: 29px; left: 0px; margin-left: 216px; margin-top: 13px; position: absolute; width: 31px; z-index: 251672576;"><img height="29" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif" width="31" /></span><span style="height: 9px; left: 0px; margin-left: 261px; margin-top: 6px; position: absolute; width: 22px; z-index: 251669504;"><img height="9" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" width="22" /></span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">H<span> </span><span> </span>CH<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>
</span>O</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="height: 26px; margin-left: 245px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 10px; z-index: 251695104;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.gif" width="10" /></span><span style="height: 2px; margin-left: 216px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 31px; z-index: 251694080;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" width="31" /></span><span style="height: 31px; margin-left: 206px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251693056;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.gif" width="12" /></span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">HCl<b><span> </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="position: relative; z-index: 251676672;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 40px; position: absolute; top: -5px; width: 69px;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.gif" width="69" /></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 147px; margin-top: 9px; position: absolute; width: 23px; z-index: 251699200;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image031.gif" width="23" /></span><span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 178px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251698176;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 183px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251697152;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 173px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251696128;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 3px; left: 0px; margin-left: 183px; margin-top: 9px; position: absolute; width: 25px; z-index: 251678720;"><img height="3" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" width="25" /></span><span style="height: 17px; left: 0px; margin-left: 206px; margin-top: 9px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251679744;"><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 216px; margin-top: 25px; position: absolute; width: 34px; z-index: 251681792;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="34" /></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251682816;"><span style="height: 20px; left: 218px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 29px;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" width="29" /></span></span><span style="height: 23px; left: 0px; margin-left: 246px; margin-top: 4px; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251680768;"><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" width="9" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 253px; margin-top: 4px; position: absolute; width: 25px; z-index: 251683840;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="25" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 330px; margin-top: 4px; position: absolute; width: 55px; z-index: 251684864;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.gif" width="55" /></span><span style="height: 24px; left: 0px; margin-left: 330px; margin-top: 11px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251691008;"><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 25px; left: 0px; margin-left: 337px; margin-top: 10px; position: absolute; width: 3px; z-index: 251692032;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" width="3" /></span><span style="height: 25px; left: 0px; margin-left: 378px; margin-top: 10px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251687936;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 40px; left: 0px; margin-left: 383px; margin-top: 4px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251685888;"><img height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Cl<sup>-</sup><span> </span>N<sup>+</sup><span> </span><span> </span>SO<sub>2</sub>NH<span> </span><span>
</span>+<span> </span>H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 29px; left: 0px; margin-left: 338px; margin-top: 13px; position: absolute; width: 31px; z-index: 251689984;"><img height="29" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif" width="31" /></span><span style="height: 36px; left: 0px; margin-left: 367px; margin-top: 6px; position: absolute; width: 18px; z-index: 251688960;"><img height="36" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" width="18" /></span><span style="height: 9px; left: 0px; margin-left: 383px; margin-top: 6px; position: absolute; width: 22px; z-index: 251686912;"><img height="9" src="file:///C:/Users/fais/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" width="22" /></span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span><sub>N</sub><span> </span><span>
</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">H<span> </span>CH<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>
</span>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
V</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada percobaan ini dilakukan
analisis secara kuantitatif dari senyawa sulfametoksazol yang ada didalam
sediaan tablet cotrimoksazol 480 mg, dimana tablet ini mengandung
sulfametoksazol sebanyak 400 mg dan trimetoprim sebanyak 80 mg. Oleh karena
didalam tablet cotrimoksazol bukan hanya terdiri dari sulfametoksazol saja,
maka bobot yang ditimbang untuk analisis yakni yang diperkirakan setara dengan
200 mg sulfametoksazol dengan cara menimbang 10 tablet cotrimoksazol yang telah
diserbukkan, kemudian dihitung dengan cara 200 mg sulfametoksazol yang
diinginkan dibagi dengan 10 tablet dikali jumlah sulfametoksazol dalam tablet
cotrimoksazol, kemudian dikalikan dengan bobot keseluruhan 10 tablet tadi dan
dari percobaan didapatkan sebanyak 282 mg. Jadi, yang ditimbang adalah 282 mg
cotrimoksazol yang berarti setara dengan 200 mg sulfametoksazol.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagaimana diketahui dalam
bidang farmasi analisis senyawa sulfametoksazol dianggap penting karena
merupakan obat antimikroba dan tablet cotrimoksazol sendiri berkhasiat sebagai </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sulfametoksazol tersebut
dianalisis dengan metode diazotasi dengan cara melarutkannya didalam HCl
sebanyak 5 ml, dan dalam percobaan ini dipakai HCl pekat karena tidak adanya
bahan, sehingga ditambahkan sedikit aquades supaya tidak terlalu pekat. Setelah
itu didinginkan dengan es batu hingga suhunya dibawah 15<sup>o</sup>C.
Kemudian, ditambahkan indikator dalam yakni tropeolin OO dan metilen biru sebanyak
3 tetes. Selanjutnya, dititrasi dengan NaNO<sub>2</sub> hingga berwarna hijau
toska dan dihitung volume titrasinya serta dilakukan duplo untuk memperoleh
data yang lebih akurat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jadi, metode diazotasi ini
dimana natrium nitrit sebagai penitrannya menghasilkan asam nitrat yang akan
bereaksi dengan gugus amina aromatik primer (NH<sub>2</sub>) dari
sulfametoksazol yang berlangsung dalam suasana asam sehingga terbentuk garam
diazonium.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Digunakan HCl dalam
percobaan ini dikarenakan metode diazotasi harus berlangsung dalam suasana asam
yang diperlukan untuk mengubah NaNO<sub>2</sub> menjadi HNO<sub>2</sub> dan
membentuk garam diazonium. Selanjutnya, sebelum dititrasi harus didinginkan
terlebih dahulu yakni dibawah 15<sup>o</sup>C dikarenakan titrasi tidak dapat
dilakukan dalam suhu tinggi sebab HNO<sub>2</sub> yang terbentuk akan menguap
pada suhu tinggi dan garam diazonium yang terbentuk biasa terurai menjadi
fenol. Kemudian, untuk mencapai titik akhir titrasi digunakan indikator dalam
yaitu tropeolin OO dan metilen biru dimana tropeolin OO merupakan indikator
asam-basa yang berwarna merah dalam suasana asam dan berwarna kuning bila
dioksidasi oleh adanya kelebihan asam nitrit, sedangkan metilen biru sebagai
pengkontras warna sehingga pada titik akhir titrasi akan terjadi perubahan dari
ungu menjadi biru sampai hijau tergantung senyawa yang dititrasi, tetapi pada
percobaan dari biru ke hijau toska.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Volume titrasi yang
didapatkan adalah 7,9 ml dan setelah dihitung kadar sulfametoksazol yang
diperoleh yaitu 100%. Jika dibandingkan dengan literatur kadar sulfametoksazol
tidak kurang dari 98,5%.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
VI</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">VI.1.
Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kadar Sulfametoksazol yang diperoleh
menggunakan metode diazotasi yaitu 100%.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">VI.2.
Saran</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Wunas, J. Said,S. <i>Analisa
Kimia Farmasi Kuantitatif. </i>UNHAS : Makassar. 1986.</span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tim penyusun,. <i>Penuntun
Praktikum Analisa Farmasi</i>. STIFA: Makassar. 2013.</span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Http://www.scribd.com/doc/119050890/<i>Laporan-Praktikum-Analisa-Farmasi</i>/29/03/2013.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Surjadi,. <i>Kimia
Analisis Farmasi</i>. Pustaka Pelajar: Yogyakarta. 2007.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dirjen POM,. <i>Farmakope Indonesia Edisi III</i>. DEPKES RI: Jakarta. 1979.</span></div>
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Almi Kombonghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10251707860882050642noreply@blogger.com0